@ -237,48 +237,74 @@ SPECIFYING RANGES
@@ -237,48 +237,74 @@ SPECIFYING RANGES
-----------------
History traversing commands such as `git log` operate on a set
of commits, not just a single commit. To these commands,
specifying a single revision with the notation described in the
previous section means the set of commits reachable from that
commit, following the commit ancestry chain.
To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}'
notation is used. E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable
from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1'.
This set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
for it. When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according
to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'.
A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference
of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as
'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'.
It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
'r1' or 'r2' but not from both.
In these two shorthands, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
of commits, not just a single commit.
For these commands,
specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the
previous section, means the set of commits `reachable` from the given
commit.
A commit's reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in
its ancestry chain.
Commit Exclusions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
'{caret}<rev>' (caret) Notation::
To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}'
notation is used. E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable
from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1' (i.e. 'r1' and
its ancestors).
Dotted Range Notations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The '..' (two-dot) Range Notation::
The '{caret}r1 r2' set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
for it. When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according
to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'.
The '...' (three dot) Symmetric Difference Notation::
A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference
of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as
'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'.
It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
'r1' (left side) or 'r2' (right side) but not from both.
In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
For example, 'origin..' is a shorthand for 'origin..HEAD' and asks "What
did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, '..origin'
is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since
I forked from them?" Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an
empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.
Two other shorthands for naming a set that is formed by a commit
and its parent commits exist. The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all
parents of 'r1'. 'r1{caret}!' includes commit 'r1' but excludes
all of its parents.
Other <rev>{caret} Parent Shorthand Notations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Two other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits,
for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.
The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all parents of 'r1'.
The 'r1{caret}!' notation includes commit 'r1' but excludes all of its parents.
By itself, this notation denotes the single commit 'r1'.
While '<rev>{caret}<n>' was about specifying a single commit parent, these
two notations consider all its parents. For example you can say
'HEAD{caret}2{caret}@', however you cannot say 'HEAD{caret}@{caret}2'.
To summarize:
Revision Range Summary
----------------------
'<rev>'::
Include commits that are reachable from (i.e. ancestors of)
<rev>.
Include commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its
ancestors).
'{caret}<rev>'::
Exclude commits that are reachable from (i.e. ancestors of)
<rev>.
Exclude commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its
ancestors).
'<rev1>..<rev2>'::
Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude
@ -300,16 +326,27 @@ To summarize:
@@ -300,16 +326,27 @@ To summarize:
as giving commit '<rev>' and then all its parents prefixed with
'{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors).
Here are a handful of examples:
D G H D
D F G H I J D F
^G D H D
^D B E I J F B
B..C C
B...C G H D E B C
^D B C E I J F B C
C I J F C
C^@ I J F
C^! C
F^! D G H D F
Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above,
with each step in the notation's expansion and selection carefully
spelt out:
Args Expanded arguments Selected commits
D G H D
D F G H I J D F
^G D H D
^D B E I J F B
^D B C E I J F B C
C I J F C
B..C = ^B C C
B...C = B ^F C G H D E B C
C^@ = C^1
= F I J F
B^@ = B^1 B^2 B^3
= D E F D G H E F I J
C^! = C ^C^@
= C ^C^1
= C ^F C
B^! = B ^B^@
= B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3
= B ^D ^E ^F B
F^! D = F ^I ^J D G H D F
Junio C Hamano
8 years ago