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408 lines
14 KiB
408 lines
14 KiB
git-merge(1) |
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============ |
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NAME |
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---- |
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git-merge - Join two or more development histories together |
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SYNOPSIS |
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-------- |
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[verse] |
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'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit] |
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[--no-verify] [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]] |
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[--[no-]allow-unrelated-histories] |
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[--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [-F <file>] |
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[--into-name <branch>] [<commit>...] |
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'git merge' (--continue | --abort | --quit) |
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DESCRIPTION |
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----------- |
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Incorporates changes from the named commits (since the time their |
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histories diverged from the current branch) into the current |
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branch. This command is used by 'git pull' to incorporate changes |
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from another repository and can be used by hand to merge changes |
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from one branch into another. |
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Assume the following history exists and the current branch is |
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"`master`": |
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------------ |
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A---B---C topic |
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/ |
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D---E---F---G master |
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------------ |
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Then "`git merge topic`" will replay the changes made on the |
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`topic` branch since it diverged from `master` (i.e., `E`) until |
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its current commit (`C`) on top of `master`, and record the result |
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in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits and |
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a log message from the user describing the changes. Before the operation, |
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`ORIG_HEAD` is set to the tip of the current branch (`C`). |
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------------ |
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A---B---C topic |
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/ \ |
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D---E---F---G---H master |
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------------ |
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The second syntax ("`git merge --abort`") can only be run after the |
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merge has resulted in conflicts. 'git merge --abort' will abort the |
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merge process and try to reconstruct the pre-merge state. However, |
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if there were uncommitted changes when the merge started (and |
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especially if those changes were further modified after the merge |
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was started), 'git merge --abort' will in some cases be unable to |
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reconstruct the original (pre-merge) changes. Therefore: |
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*Warning*: Running 'git merge' with non-trivial uncommitted changes is |
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discouraged: while possible, it may leave you in a state that is hard to |
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back out of in the case of a conflict. |
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The third syntax ("`git merge --continue`") can only be run after the |
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merge has resulted in conflicts. |
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OPTIONS |
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------- |
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:git-merge: 1 |
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include::merge-options.txt[] |
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-m <msg>:: |
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Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in |
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case one is created). |
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+ |
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If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged |
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will be appended to the specified message. |
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+ |
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The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be |
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used to give a good default for automated 'git merge' |
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invocations. The automated message can include the branch description. |
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--into-name <branch>:: |
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Prepare the default merge message as if merging to the branch |
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`<branch>`, instead of the name of the real branch to which |
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the merge is made. |
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-F <file>:: |
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--file=<file>:: |
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Read the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in |
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case one is created). |
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+ |
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If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged |
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will be appended to the specified message. |
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include::rerere-options.txt[] |
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--overwrite-ignore:: |
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--no-overwrite-ignore:: |
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Silently overwrite ignored files from the merge result. This |
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is the default behavior. Use `--no-overwrite-ignore` to abort. |
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--abort:: |
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Abort the current conflict resolution process, and |
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try to reconstruct the pre-merge state. If an autostash entry is |
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present, apply it to the worktree. |
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+ |
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If there were uncommitted worktree changes present when the merge |
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started, 'git merge --abort' will in some cases be unable to |
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reconstruct these changes. It is therefore recommended to always |
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commit or stash your changes before running 'git merge'. |
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+ |
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'git merge --abort' is equivalent to 'git reset --merge' when |
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`MERGE_HEAD` is present unless `MERGE_AUTOSTASH` is also present in |
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which case 'git merge --abort' applies the stash entry to the worktree |
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whereas 'git reset --merge' will save the stashed changes in the stash |
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list. |
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--quit:: |
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Forget about the current merge in progress. Leave the index |
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and the working tree as-is. If `MERGE_AUTOSTASH` is present, the |
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stash entry will be saved to the stash list. |
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--continue:: |
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After a 'git merge' stops due to conflicts you can conclude the |
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merge by running 'git merge --continue' (see "HOW TO RESOLVE |
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CONFLICTS" section below). |
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<commit>...:: |
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Commits, usually other branch heads, to merge into our branch. |
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Specifying more than one commit will create a merge with |
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more than two parents (affectionately called an Octopus merge). |
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+ |
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If no commit is given from the command line, merge the remote-tracking |
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branches that the current branch is configured to use as its upstream. |
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See also the configuration section of this manual page. |
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+ |
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When `FETCH_HEAD` (and no other commit) is specified, the branches |
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recorded in the `.git/FETCH_HEAD` file by the previous invocation |
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of `git fetch` for merging are merged to the current branch. |
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PRE-MERGE CHECKS |
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---------------- |
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Before applying outside changes, you should get your own work in |
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good shape and committed locally, so it will not be clobbered if |
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there are conflicts. See also linkgit:git-stash[1]. |
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'git pull' and 'git merge' will stop without doing anything when |
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local uncommitted changes overlap with files that 'git pull'/'git |
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merge' may need to update. |
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To avoid recording unrelated changes in the merge commit, |
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'git pull' and 'git merge' will also abort if there are any changes |
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registered in the index relative to the `HEAD` commit. (Special |
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narrow exceptions to this rule may exist depending on which merge |
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strategy is in use, but generally, the index must match HEAD.) |
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If all named commits are already ancestors of `HEAD`, 'git merge' |
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will exit early with the message "Already up to date." |
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FAST-FORWARD MERGE |
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------------------ |
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Often the current branch head is an ancestor of the named commit. |
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This is the most common case especially when invoked from 'git |
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pull': you are tracking an upstream repository, you have committed |
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no local changes, and now you want to update to a newer upstream |
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revision. In this case, a new commit is not needed to store the |
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combined history; instead, the `HEAD` (along with the index) is |
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updated to point at the named commit, without creating an extra |
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merge commit. |
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This behavior can be suppressed with the `--no-ff` option. |
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TRUE MERGE |
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---------- |
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Except in a fast-forward merge (see above), the branches to be |
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merged must be tied together by a merge commit that has both of them |
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as its parents. |
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A merged version reconciling the changes from all branches to be |
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merged is committed, and your `HEAD`, index, and working tree are |
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updated to it. It is possible to have modifications in the working |
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tree as long as they do not overlap; the update will preserve them. |
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When it is not obvious how to reconcile the changes, the following |
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happens: |
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1. The `HEAD` pointer stays the same. |
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2. The `MERGE_HEAD` ref is set to point to the other branch head. |
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3. Paths that merged cleanly are updated both in the index file and |
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in your working tree. |
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4. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three |
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versions: stage 1 stores the version from the common ancestor, |
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stage 2 from `HEAD`, and stage 3 from `MERGE_HEAD` (you |
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can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working |
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tree files contain the result of the "merge" program; i.e. 3-way |
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merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<<` `===` `>>>`. |
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5. No other changes are made. In particular, the local |
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modifications you had before you started merge will stay the |
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same and the index entries for them stay as they were, |
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i.e. matching `HEAD`. |
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If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and |
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want to start over, you can recover with `git merge --abort`. |
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MERGING TAG |
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----------- |
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When merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag, Git always |
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creates a merge commit even if a fast-forward merge is possible, and |
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the commit message template is prepared with the tag message. |
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Additionally, if the tag is signed, the signature check is reported |
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as a comment in the message template. See also linkgit:git-tag[1]. |
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When you want to just integrate with the work leading to the commit |
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that happens to be tagged, e.g. synchronizing with an upstream |
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release point, you may not want to make an unnecessary merge commit. |
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In such a case, you can "unwrap" the tag yourself before feeding it |
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to `git merge`, or pass `--ff-only` when you do not have any work on |
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your own. e.g. |
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---- |
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git fetch origin |
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git merge v1.2.3^0 |
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git merge --ff-only v1.2.3 |
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---- |
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HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED |
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--------------------------- |
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During a merge, the working tree files are updated to reflect the result |
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of the merge. Among the changes made to the common ancestor's version, |
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non-overlapping ones (that is, you changed an area of the file while the |
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other side left that area intact, or vice versa) are incorporated in the |
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final result verbatim. When both sides made changes to the same area, |
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however, Git cannot randomly pick one side over the other, and asks you to |
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resolve it by leaving what both sides did to that area. |
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By default, Git uses the same style as the one used by the "merge" program |
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from the RCS suite to present such a conflicted hunk, like this: |
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------------ |
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Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common |
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ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed, |
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or cleanly resolved because both sides changed the same way. |
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<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt |
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Conflict resolution is hard; |
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let's go shopping. |
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======= |
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Git makes conflict resolution easy. |
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>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt |
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And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified. |
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------------ |
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The area where a pair of conflicting changes happened is marked with markers |
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`<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`. The part before the `=======` |
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is typically your side, and the part afterwards is typically their side. |
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The default format does not show what the original said in the conflicting |
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area. You cannot tell how many lines are deleted and replaced with |
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Barbie's remark on your side. The only thing you can tell is that your |
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side wants to say it is hard and you'd prefer to go shopping, while the |
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other side wants to claim it is easy. |
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An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictStyle" |
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configuration variable to either "diff3" or "zdiff3". In "diff3" |
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style, the above conflict may look like this: |
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------------ |
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Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common |
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ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed, |
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<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt |
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or cleanly resolved because both sides changed the same way. |
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Conflict resolution is hard; |
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let's go shopping. |
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||||||| base:sample.txt |
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or cleanly resolved because both sides changed identically. |
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Conflict resolution is hard. |
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======= |
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or cleanly resolved because both sides changed the same way. |
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Git makes conflict resolution easy. |
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>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt |
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And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified. |
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------------ |
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while in "zdiff3" style, it may look like this: |
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------------ |
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Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common |
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ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed, |
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or cleanly resolved because both sides changed the same way. |
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<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt |
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Conflict resolution is hard; |
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let's go shopping. |
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||||||| base:sample.txt |
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or cleanly resolved because both sides changed identically. |
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Conflict resolution is hard. |
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======= |
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Git makes conflict resolution easy. |
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>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt |
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And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified. |
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------------ |
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In addition to the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers, it uses |
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another `|||||||` marker that is followed by the original text. You can |
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tell that the original just stated a fact, and your side simply gave in to |
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that statement and gave up, while the other side tried to have a more |
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positive attitude. You can sometimes come up with a better resolution by |
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viewing the original. |
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HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS |
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------------------------ |
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After seeing a conflict, you can do two things: |
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* Decide not to merge. The only clean-ups you need are to reset |
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the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean |
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up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; `git merge --abort` |
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can be used for this. |
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* Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in |
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the working tree. Edit the files into shape and |
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'git add' them to the index. Use 'git commit' or |
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'git merge --continue' to seal the deal. The latter command |
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checks whether there is a (interrupted) merge in progress |
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before calling 'git commit'. |
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You can work through the conflict with a number of tools: |
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* Use a mergetool. `git mergetool` to launch a graphical |
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mergetool which will work you through the merge. |
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* Look at the diffs. `git diff` will show a three-way diff, |
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highlighting changes from both the `HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD` |
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versions. |
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* Look at the diffs from each branch. `git log --merge -p <path>` |
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will show diffs first for the `HEAD` version and then the |
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`MERGE_HEAD` version. |
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* Look at the originals. `git show :1:filename` shows the |
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common ancestor, `git show :2:filename` shows the `HEAD` |
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version, and `git show :3:filename` shows the `MERGE_HEAD` |
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version. |
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EXAMPLES |
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-------- |
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* Merge branches `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of |
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the current branch, making an octopus merge: |
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+ |
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------------------------------------------------ |
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$ git merge fixes enhancements |
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------------------------------------------------ |
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* Merge branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours` |
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merge strategy: |
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+ |
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------------------------------------------------ |
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$ git merge -s ours obsolete |
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------------------------------------------------ |
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* Merge branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make |
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a new commit automatically: |
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+ |
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------------------------------------------------ |
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$ git merge --no-commit maint |
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------------------------------------------------ |
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+ |
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This can be used when you want to include further changes to the |
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merge, or want to write your own merge commit message. |
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+ |
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You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial |
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changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping |
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release/version name would be acceptable. |
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include::merge-strategies.txt[] |
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CONFIGURATION |
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------------- |
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branch.<name>.mergeOptions:: |
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Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and |
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supported options are the same as those of 'git merge', but option |
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values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. |
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include::includes/cmd-config-section-rest.txt[] |
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include::config/merge.txt[] |
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SEE ALSO |
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-------- |
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linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1], linkgit:git-pull[1], |
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linkgit:gitattributes[5], |
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linkgit:git-reset[1], |
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linkgit:git-diff[1], linkgit:git-ls-files[1], |
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linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-rm[1], |
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linkgit:git-mergetool[1] |
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GIT |
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--- |
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Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
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