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410 lines
12 KiB
git-rebase(1) |
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============= |
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NAME |
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---- |
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git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head |
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SYNOPSIS |
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-------- |
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[verse] |
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'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [-v | --verbose] [-m | --merge] |
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[-s <strategy> | --strategy=<strategy>] |
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[-C<n>] [ --whitespace=<option>] [-p | --preserve-merges] |
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[--onto <newbase>] <upstream> [<branch>] |
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'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort |
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DESCRIPTION |
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----------- |
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If <branch> is specified, 'git-rebase' will perform an automatic |
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`git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise |
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it remains on the current branch. |
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All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not |
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in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set |
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of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD`. |
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The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the |
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--onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as |
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`git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>). ORIG_HEAD is set |
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to point at the tip of the branch before the reset. |
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The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are |
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then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that |
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any commits in HEAD which introduce the same textual changes as a commit |
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in HEAD..<upstream> are omitted (i.e., a patch already accepted upstream |
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with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped). |
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It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being |
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completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure |
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and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit |
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that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the |
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original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the |
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command `git rebase --abort` instead. |
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Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic": |
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------------ |
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A---B---C topic |
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/ |
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D---E---F---G master |
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------------ |
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From this point, the result of either of the following commands: |
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git rebase master |
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git rebase master topic |
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would be: |
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------------ |
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A'--B'--C' topic |
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/ |
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D---E---F---G master |
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------------ |
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The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic` |
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followed by `git rebase master`. |
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If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g., |
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because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit |
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will be skipped. For example, running `git rebase master` on the |
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following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes, |
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but have different committer information): |
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------------ |
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A---B---C topic |
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/ |
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D---E---A'---F master |
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------------ |
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will result in: |
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------------ |
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B'---C' topic |
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/ |
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D---E---A'---F master |
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------------ |
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Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one |
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branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch |
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from the latter branch, using `rebase --onto`. |
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First let's assume your 'topic' is based on branch 'next'. |
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For example feature developed in 'topic' depends on some |
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functionality which is found in 'next'. |
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------------ |
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o---o---o---o---o master |
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\ |
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o---o---o---o---o next |
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\ |
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o---o---o topic |
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------------ |
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We would want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master', |
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for example because the functionality 'topic' branch depend on |
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got merged into more stable 'master' branch, like this: |
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------------ |
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o---o---o---o---o master |
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| \ |
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| o'--o'--o' topic |
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\ |
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o---o---o---o---o next |
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------------ |
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We can get this using the following command: |
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git rebase --onto master next topic |
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Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a |
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branch. If we have the following situation: |
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------------ |
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H---I---J topicB |
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/ |
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E---F---G topicA |
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/ |
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A---B---C---D master |
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------------ |
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then the command |
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git rebase --onto master topicA topicB |
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would result in: |
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------------ |
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H'--I'--J' topicB |
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/ |
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| E---F---G topicA |
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|/ |
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A---B---C---D master |
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------------ |
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This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA. |
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A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have |
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the following situation: |
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------------ |
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E---F---G---H---I---J topicA |
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------------ |
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then the command |
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git rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA |
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would result in the removal of commits F and G: |
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------------ |
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E---H'---I'---J' topicA |
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------------ |
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This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be |
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part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream> |
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parameter can be any valid commit-ish. |
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In case of conflict, 'git-rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit |
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and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git-diff' to locate |
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the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each |
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file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved, |
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typically this would be done with |
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git add <filename> |
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After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the |
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desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with |
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git rebase --continue |
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Alternatively, you can undo the 'git-rebase' with |
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git rebase --abort |
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OPTIONS |
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------- |
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<newbase>:: |
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Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the |
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--onto option is not specified, the starting point is |
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<upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an |
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existing branch name. |
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<upstream>:: |
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Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit, |
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not just an existing branch name. |
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<branch>:: |
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Working branch; defaults to HEAD. |
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--continue:: |
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Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict. |
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--abort:: |
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Restore the original branch and abort the rebase operation. |
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--skip:: |
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Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch. |
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-m:: |
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--merge:: |
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Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge |
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strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the |
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upstream side. |
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-s <strategy>:: |
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--strategy=<strategy>:: |
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Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than |
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once to specify them in the order they should be tried. |
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If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies |
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is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single |
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head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). This implies --merge. |
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-v:: |
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--verbose:: |
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Display a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. |
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-C<n>:: |
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Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before |
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and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding |
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context exist they all must match. By default no context is |
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ever ignored. |
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--whitespace=<nowarn|warn|error|error-all|strip>:: |
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This flag is passed to the 'git-apply' program |
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(see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch. |
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-i:: |
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--interactive:: |
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Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the |
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user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to |
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split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below). |
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-p:: |
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--preserve-merges:: |
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Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them. This option |
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only works in interactive mode. |
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include::merge-strategies.txt[] |
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NOTES |
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----- |
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When you rebase a branch, you are changing its history in a way that |
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will cause problems for anyone who already has a copy of the branch |
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in their repository and tries to pull updates from you. You should |
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understand the implications of using 'git-rebase' on a repository that |
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you share. |
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When the git-rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase" |
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hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and |
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reject the rebase if it isn't appropriate. Please see the template |
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pre-rebase hook script for an example. |
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Upon completion, <branch> will be the current branch. |
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INTERACTIVE MODE |
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---------------- |
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Rebasing interactively means that you have a chance to edit the commits |
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which are rebased. You can reorder the commits, and you can |
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remove them (weeding out bad or otherwise unwanted patches). |
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The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow: |
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1. have a wonderful idea |
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2. hack on the code |
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3. prepare a series for submission |
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4. submit |
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where point 2. consists of several instances of |
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a. regular use |
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1. finish something worthy of a commit |
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2. commit |
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b. independent fixup |
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1. realize that something does not work |
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2. fix that |
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3. commit it |
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Sometimes the thing fixed in b.2. cannot be amended to the not-quite |
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perfect commit it fixes, because that commit is buried deeply in a |
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patch series. That is exactly what interactive rebase is for: use it |
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after plenty of "a"s and "b"s, by rearranging and editing |
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commits, and squashing multiple commits into one. |
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Start it with the last commit you want to retain as-is: |
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git rebase -i <after-this-commit> |
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An editor will be fired up with all the commits in your current branch |
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(ignoring merge commits), which come after the given commit. You can |
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reorder the commits in this list to your heart's content, and you can |
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remove them. The list looks more or less like this: |
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pick deadbee The oneline of this commit |
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pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit |
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... |
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------------------------------------------- |
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The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git-rebase' will |
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not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this |
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example), so do not delete or edit the names. |
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By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell |
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'git-rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit |
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the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue |
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rebasing. |
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If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command |
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"pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the |
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commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to |
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the author of the first commit. |
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In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge |
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errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue |
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the loop with `git rebase --continue`. |
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For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what |
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was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call |
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'git-rebase' like this: |
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$ git rebase -i HEAD~5 |
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---------------------- |
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And move the first patch to the end of the list. |
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You might want to preserve merges, if you have a history like this: |
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------------------ |
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X |
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A---M---B |
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/ |
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---o---O---P---Q |
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------------------ |
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Suppose you want to rebase the side branch starting at "A" to "Q". Make |
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sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call |
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$ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O |
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----------------------------- |
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SPLITTING COMMITS |
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----------------- |
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In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However, |
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this does not necessarily mean that 'git-rebase' expects the result of this |
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edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can |
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add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two: |
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- Start an interactive rebase with `git rebase -i <commit>^`, where |
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<commit> is the commit you want to split. In fact, any commit range |
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will do, as long as it contains that commit. |
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- Mark the commit you want to split with the action "edit". |
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- When it comes to editing that commit, execute `git reset HEAD^`. The |
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effect is that the HEAD is rewound by one, and the index follows suit. |
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However, the working tree stays the same. |
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- Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first |
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commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or |
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'git-gui' (or both) to do that. |
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- Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate |
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now. |
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- Repeat the last two steps until your working tree is clean. |
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- Continue the rebase with `git rebase --continue`. |
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If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are |
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consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use |
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'git-stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes |
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after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary. |
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Authors |
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------ |
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Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and |
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Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de> |
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Documentation |
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-------------- |
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Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. |
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GIT |
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--- |
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Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
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