407 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
407 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
git-reset(1)
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============
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NAME
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----
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git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state
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SYNOPSIS
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--------
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[verse]
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'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>...
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'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...]
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'git reset' [--soft | --mixed [-N] | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>]
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DESCRIPTION
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-----------
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In the first and second form, copy entries from <tree-ish> to the index.
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In the third form, set the current branch head (HEAD) to <commit>, optionally
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modifying index and working tree to match. The <tree-ish>/<commit> defaults
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to HEAD in all forms.
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'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>...::
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This form resets the index entries for all <paths> to their
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state at <tree-ish>. (It does not affect the working tree or
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the current branch.)
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+
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This means that `git reset <paths>` is the opposite of `git add
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<paths>`.
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+
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After running `git reset <paths>` to update the index entry, you can
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use linkgit:git-checkout[1] to check the contents out of the index to
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the working tree.
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Alternatively, using linkgit:git-checkout[1] and specifying a commit, you
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can copy the contents of a path out of a commit to the index and to the
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working tree in one go.
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'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...]::
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Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index
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and <tree-ish> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied
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in reverse to the index.
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+
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This means that `git reset -p` is the opposite of `git add -p`, i.e.
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you can use it to selectively reset hunks. See the ``Interactive Mode''
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section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode.
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'git reset' [<mode>] [<commit>]::
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This form resets the current branch head to <commit> and
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possibly updates the index (resetting it to the tree of <commit>) and
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the working tree depending on <mode>. If <mode> is omitted,
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defaults to "--mixed". The <mode> must be one of the following:
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+
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--
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--soft::
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Does not touch the index file or the working tree at all (but
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resets the head to <commit>, just like all modes do). This leaves
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all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as 'git status'
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would put it.
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--mixed::
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Resets the index but not the working tree (i.e., the changed files
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are preserved but not marked for commit) and reports what has not
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been updated. This is the default action.
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+
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If `-N` is specified, removed paths are marked as intent-to-add (see
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linkgit:git-add[1]).
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--hard::
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Resets the index and working tree. Any changes to tracked files in the
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working tree since <commit> are discarded.
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--merge::
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Resets the index and updates the files in the working tree that are
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different between <commit> and HEAD, but keeps those which are
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different between the index and working tree (i.e. which have changes
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which have not been added).
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If a file that is different between <commit> and the index has unstaged
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changes, reset is aborted.
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+
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In other words, --merge does something like a 'git read-tree -u -m <commit>',
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but carries forward unmerged index entries.
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--keep::
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Resets index entries and updates files in the working tree that are
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different between <commit> and HEAD.
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If a file that is different between <commit> and HEAD has local changes,
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reset is aborted.
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--
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If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch,
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linkgit:git-revert[1] is your friend.
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OPTIONS
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-------
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-q::
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--quiet::
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Be quiet, only report errors.
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EXAMPLES
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--------
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Undo add::
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+
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------------
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$ edit <1>
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$ git add frotz.c filfre.c
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$ mailx <2>
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$ git reset <3>
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$ git pull git://info.example.com/ nitfol <4>
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------------
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<1> You are happily working on something, and find the changes
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in these files are in good order. You do not want to see them
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when you run "git diff", because you plan to work on other files
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and changes with these files are distracting.
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<2> Somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sounds worthy of merging.
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<3> However, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does
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not match the HEAD commit). But you know the pull you are going
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to make does not affect frotz.c or filfre.c, so you revert the
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index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree
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remain there.
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<4> Then you can pull and merge, leaving frotz.c and filfre.c
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changes still in the working tree.
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Undo a commit and redo::
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+
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------------
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$ git commit ...
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$ git reset --soft HEAD^ <1>
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$ edit <2>
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$ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD <3>
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------------
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<1> This is most often done when you remembered what you
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just committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit
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message, or both. Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
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<2> Make corrections to working tree files.
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<3> "reset" copies the old head to .git/ORIG_HEAD; redo the
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commit by starting with its log message. If you do not need to
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edit the message further, you can give -C option instead.
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+
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See also the --amend option to linkgit:git-commit[1].
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Undo a commit, making it a topic branch::
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+
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------------
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$ git branch topic/wip <1>
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$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <2>
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$ git checkout topic/wip <3>
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------------
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<1> You have made some commits, but realize they were premature
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to be in the "master" branch. You want to continue polishing
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them in a topic branch, so create "topic/wip" branch off of the
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current HEAD.
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<2> Rewind the master branch to get rid of those three commits.
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<3> Switch to "topic/wip" branch and keep working.
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Undo commits permanently::
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+
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------------
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$ git commit ...
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$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <1>
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------------
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<1> The last three commits (HEAD, HEAD^, and HEAD~2) were bad
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and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if
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you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the
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"RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for
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the implications of doing so.)
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Undo a merge or pull::
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+
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------------
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$ git pull <1>
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Auto-merging nitfol
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CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in nitfol
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Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
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$ git reset --hard <2>
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$ git pull . topic/branch <3>
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Updating from 41223... to 13134...
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Fast-forward
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$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <4>
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------------
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<1> Try to update from the upstream resulted in a lot of
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conflicts; you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging
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right now, so you decide to do that later.
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<2> "pull" has not made merge commit, so "git reset --hard"
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which is a synonym for "git reset --hard HEAD" clears the mess
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from the index file and the working tree.
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<3> Merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted
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in a fast-forward.
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<4> But you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public
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consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original
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tip of the current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it
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brings your index file and the working tree back to that state,
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and resets the tip of the branch to that commit.
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Undo a merge or pull inside a dirty working tree::
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------------
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$ git pull <1>
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Auto-merging nitfol
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Merge made by recursive.
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nitfol | 20 +++++----
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...
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$ git reset --merge ORIG_HEAD <2>
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------------
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<1> Even if you may have local modifications in your
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working tree, you can safely say "git pull" when you know
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that the change in the other branch does not overlap with
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them.
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<2> After inspecting the result of the merge, you may find
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that the change in the other branch is unsatisfactory. Running
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"git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD" will let you go back to where you
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were, but it will discard your local changes, which you do not
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want. "git reset --merge" keeps your local changes.
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Interrupted workflow::
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Suppose you are interrupted by an urgent fix request while you
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are in the middle of a large change. The files in your
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working tree are not in any shape to be committed yet, but you
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need to get to the other branch for a quick bugfix.
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------------
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$ git checkout feature ;# you were working in "feature" branch and
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$ work work work ;# got interrupted
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$ git commit -a -m "snapshot WIP" <1>
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$ git checkout master
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$ fix fix fix
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$ git commit ;# commit with real log
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$ git checkout feature
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$ git reset --soft HEAD^ ;# go back to WIP state <2>
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$ git reset <3>
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------------
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<1> This commit will get blown away so a throw-away log message is OK.
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<2> This removes the 'WIP' commit from the commit history, and sets
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your working tree to the state just before you made that snapshot.
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<3> At this point the index file still has all the WIP changes you
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committed as 'snapshot WIP'. This updates the index to show your
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WIP files as uncommitted.
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See also linkgit:git-stash[1].
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Reset a single file in the index::
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Suppose you have added a file to your index, but later decide you do not
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want to add it to your commit. You can remove the file from the index
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while keeping your changes with git reset.
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------------
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$ git reset -- frotz.c <1>
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$ git commit -m "Commit files in index" <2>
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$ git add frotz.c <3>
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------------
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<1> This removes the file from the index while keeping it in the working
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directory.
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<2> This commits all other changes in the index.
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<3> Adds the file to the index again.
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Keep changes in working tree while discarding some previous commits::
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Suppose you are working on something and you commit it, and then you
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continue working a bit more, but now you think that what you have in
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your working tree should be in another branch that has nothing to do
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with what you committed previously. You can start a new branch and
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reset it while keeping the changes in your working tree.
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------------
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$ git tag start
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$ git checkout -b branch1
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$ edit
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$ git commit ... <1>
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$ edit
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$ git checkout -b branch2 <2>
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$ git reset --keep start <3>
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------------
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<1> This commits your first edits in branch1.
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<2> In the ideal world, you could have realized that the earlier
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commit did not belong to the new topic when you created and switched
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to branch2 (i.e. "git checkout -b branch2 start"), but nobody is
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perfect.
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<3> But you can use "reset --keep" to remove the unwanted commit after
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you switched to "branch2".
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DISCUSSION
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----------
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The tables below show what happens when running:
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----------
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git reset --option target
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----------
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to reset the HEAD to another commit (`target`) with the different
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reset options depending on the state of the files.
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In these tables, A, B, C and D are some different states of a
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file. For example, the first line of the first table means that if a
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file is in state A in the working tree, in state B in the index, in
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state C in HEAD and in state D in the target, then "git reset --soft
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target" will leave the file in the working tree in state A and in the
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index in state B. It resets (i.e. moves) the HEAD (i.e. the tip of
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the current branch, if you are on one) to "target" (which has the file
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in state D).
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working index HEAD target working index HEAD
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----------------------------------------------------
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A B C D --soft A B D
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--mixed A D D
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--hard D D D
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--merge (disallowed)
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--keep (disallowed)
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working index HEAD target working index HEAD
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----------------------------------------------------
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A B C C --soft A B C
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--mixed A C C
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--hard C C C
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--merge (disallowed)
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--keep A C C
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working index HEAD target working index HEAD
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----------------------------------------------------
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B B C D --soft B B D
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--mixed B D D
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--hard D D D
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--merge D D D
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--keep (disallowed)
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working index HEAD target working index HEAD
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----------------------------------------------------
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B B C C --soft B B C
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--mixed B C C
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--hard C C C
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--merge C C C
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--keep B C C
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working index HEAD target working index HEAD
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----------------------------------------------------
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B C C D --soft B C D
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--mixed B D D
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--hard D D D
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--merge (disallowed)
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--keep (disallowed)
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working index HEAD target working index HEAD
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----------------------------------------------------
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B C C C --soft B C C
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--mixed B C C
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--hard C C C
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--merge B C C
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--keep B C C
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"reset --merge" is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted
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merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the working tree file that is
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involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index before
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it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
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we see some difference between the index and the target and also
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between the index and the working tree, then it means that we are not
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resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after failing
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with a conflict. That is why we disallow --merge option in this case.
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"reset --keep" is meant to be used when removing some of the last
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commits in the current branch while keeping changes in the working
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tree. If there could be conflicts between the changes in the commit we
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want to remove and the changes in the working tree we want to keep,
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the reset is disallowed. That's why it is disallowed if there are both
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changes between the working tree and HEAD, and between HEAD and the
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target. To be safe, it is also disallowed when there are unmerged
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entries.
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The following tables show what happens when there are unmerged
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entries:
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working index HEAD target working index HEAD
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----------------------------------------------------
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X U A B --soft (disallowed)
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--mixed X B B
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--hard B B B
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--merge B B B
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--keep (disallowed)
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working index HEAD target working index HEAD
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----------------------------------------------------
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X U A A --soft (disallowed)
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--mixed X A A
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--hard A A A
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--merge A A A
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--keep (disallowed)
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X means any state and U means an unmerged index.
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GIT
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---
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Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
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