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Elijah Newren 8d92fb2927 dir: replace exponential algorithm with a linear one
dir's read_directory_recursive() naturally operates recursively in order
to walk the directory tree.  Treating of directories is sometimes weird
because there are so many different permutations about how to handle
directories.  Some examples:

   * 'git ls-files -o --directory' only needs to know that a directory
     itself is untracked; it doesn't need to recurse into it to see what
     is underneath.

   * 'git status' needs to recurse into an untracked directory, but only
     to determine whether or not it is empty.  If there are no files
     underneath, the directory itself will be omitted from the output.
     If it is not empty, only the directory will be listed.

   * 'git status --ignored' needs to recurse into untracked directories
     and report all the ignored entries and then report the directory as
     untracked -- UNLESS all the entries under the directory are
     ignored, in which case we don't print any of the entries under the
     directory and just report the directory itself as ignored.  (Note
     that although this forces us to walk all untracked files underneath
     the directory as well, we strip them from the output, except for
     users like 'git clean' who also set DIR_KEEP_TRACKED_CONTENTS.)

   * For 'git clean', we may need to recurse into a directory that
     doesn't match any specified pathspecs, if it's possible that there
     is an entry underneath the directory that can match one of the
     pathspecs.  In such a case, we need to be careful to omit the
     directory itself from the list of paths (see commit 404ebceda0
     ("dir: also check directories for matching pathspecs", 2019-09-17))

Part of the tension noted above is that the treatment of a directory can
change based on the files within it, and based on the various settings
in dir->flags.  Trying to keep this in mind while reading over the code,
it is easy to think in terms of "treat_directory() tells us what to do
with a directory, and read_directory_recursive() is the thing that
recurses".  Since we need to look into a directory to know how to treat
it, though, it is quite easy to decide to (also) recurse into the
directory from treat_directory() by adding a read_directory_recursive()
call.  Adding such a call is actually fine, IF we make sure that
read_directory_recursive() does not also recurse into that same
directory.

Unfortunately, commit df5bcdf83a ("dir: recurse into untracked dirs
for ignored files", 2017-05-18), added exactly such a case to the code,
meaning we'd have two calls to read_directory_recursive() for an
untracked directory.  So, if we had a file named
   one/two/three/four/five/somefile.txt
and nothing in one/ was tracked, then 'git status --ignored' would
call read_directory_recursive() twice on the directory 'one/', and
each of those would call read_directory_recursive() twice on the
directory 'one/two/', and so on until read_directory_recursive() was
called 2^5 times for 'one/two/three/four/five/'.

Avoid calling read_directory_recursive() twice per level by moving a
lot of the special logic into treat_directory().

Since dir.c is somewhat complex, extra cruft built up around this over
time.  While trying to unravel it, I noticed several instances where the
first call to read_directory_recursive() would return e.g.
path_untracked for some directory and a later one would return e.g.
path_none, despite the fact that the directory clearly should have been
considered untracked.  The code happened to work due to the side-effect
from the first invocation of adding untracked entries to dir->entries;
this allowed it to get the correct output despite the supposed override
in return value by the later call.

I am somewhat concerned that there are still bugs and maybe even
testcases with the wrong expectation.  I have tried to carefully
document treat_directory() since it becomes more complex after this
change (though much of this complexity came from elsewhere that probably
deserved better comments to begin with).  However, much of my work felt
more like a game of whackamole while attempting to make the code match
the existing regression tests than an attempt to create an
implementation that matched some clear design.  That seems wrong to me,
but the rules of existing behavior had so many special cases that I had
a hard time coming up with some overarching rules about what correct
behavior is for all cases, forcing me to hope that the regression tests
are correct and sufficient.  Such a hope seems likely to be ill-founded,
given my experience with dir.c-related testcases in the last few months:

  Examples where the documentation was hard to parse or even just wrong:
   * 3aca58045f (git-clean.txt: do not claim we will delete files with
                   -n/--dry-run, 2019-09-17)
   * 09487f2cba (clean: avoid removing untracked files in a nested git
                   repository, 2019-09-17)
   * e86bbcf987 (clean: disambiguate the definition of -d, 2019-09-17)
  Examples where testcases were declared wrong and changed:
   * 09487f2cba (clean: avoid removing untracked files in a nested git
                   repository, 2019-09-17)
   * e86bbcf987 (clean: disambiguate the definition of -d, 2019-09-17)
   * a2b13367fe (Revert "dir.c: make 'git-status --ignored' work within
                   leading directories", 2019-12-10)
  Examples where testcases were clearly inadequate:
   * 502c386ff9 (t7300-clean: demonstrate deleting nested repo with an
                   ignored file breakage, 2019-08-25)
   * 7541cc5302 (t7300: add testcases showing failure to clean specified
                   pathspecs, 2019-09-17)
   * a5e916c745 (dir: fix off-by-one error in match_pathspec_item,
                   2019-09-17)
   * 404ebceda0 (dir: also check directories for matching pathspecs,
                   2019-09-17)
   * 09487f2cba (clean: avoid removing untracked files in a nested git
                   repository, 2019-09-17)
   * e86bbcf987 (clean: disambiguate the definition of -d, 2019-09-17)
   * 452efd11fb (t3011: demonstrate directory traversal failures,
                   2019-12-10)
   * b9670c1f5e (dir: fix checks on common prefix directory, 2019-12-19)
  Examples where "correct behavior" was unclear to everyone:
    https://lore.kernel.org/git/20190905154735.29784-1-newren@gmail.com/
  Other commits of note:
   * 902b90cf42 (clean: fix theoretical path corruption, 2019-09-17)

However, on the positive side, it does make the code much faster.  For
the following simple shell loop in an empty repository:

  for depth in $(seq 10 25)
  do
    dirs=$(for i in $(seq 1 $depth) ; do printf 'dir/' ; done)
    rm -rf dir
    mkdir -p $dirs
    >$dirs/untracked-file
    /usr/bin/time --format="$depth: %e" git status --ignored >/dev/null
  done

I saw the following timings, in seconds (note that the numbers are a
little noisy from run-to-run, but the trend is very clear with every
run):

    10: 0.03
    11: 0.05
    12: 0.08
    13: 0.19
    14: 0.29
    15: 0.50
    16: 1.05
    17: 2.11
    18: 4.11
    19: 8.60
    20: 17.55
    21: 33.87
    22: 68.71
    23: 140.05
    24: 274.45
    25: 551.15

For the above run, using strace I can look for the number of untracked
directories opened and can verify that it matches the expected
2^($depth+1)-2 (the sum of 2^1 + 2^2 + 2^3 + ... + 2^$depth).

After this fix, with strace I can verify that the number of untracked
directories that are opened drops to just $depth, and the timings all
drop to 0.00.  In fact, it isn't until a depth of 190 nested directories
that it sometimes starts reporting a time of 0.01 seconds and doesn't
consistently report 0.01 seconds until there are 240 nested directories.
The previous code would have taken
  17.55 * 2^220 / (60*60*24*365) = 9.4 * 10^59 YEARS
to have completed the 240 nested directories case.  It's not often
that you get to speed something up by a factor of 3*10^69.

Signed-off-by: Elijah Newren <newren@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
2020-04-01 11:10:38 -07:00
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unpack-trees.c Merge branch 'en/simplify-check-updates-in-unpack-trees' into maint 2020-03-17 15:02:25 -07:00
unpack-trees.h sparse-checkout: update working directory in-process 2019-11-22 16:11:44 +09:00
upload-pack.c
upload-pack.h
url.c
url.h
urlmatch.c
urlmatch.h
usage.c
userdiff.c Merge branch 'ln/userdiff-elixir' 2019-12-25 11:21:59 -08:00
userdiff.h
utf8.c
utf8.h
varint.c
varint.h
version.c
version.h
versioncmp.c
walker.c
walker.h
wildmatch.c
wildmatch.h
worktree.c
worktree.h
wrap-for-bin.sh
wrapper.c
write-or-die.c
ws.c
wt-status.c
wt-status.h
xdiff-interface.c xdiff: avoid computing non-zero offset from NULL pointer 2020-01-28 23:13:25 -08:00
xdiff-interface.h
zlib.c

README.md

Build Status

Git - fast, scalable, distributed revision control system

Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals.

Git is an Open Source project covered by the GNU General Public License version 2 (some parts of it are under different licenses, compatible with the GPLv2). It was originally written by Linus Torvalds with help of a group of hackers around the net.

Please read the file INSTALL for installation instructions.

Many Git online resources are accessible from https://git-scm.com/ including full documentation and Git related tools.

See Documentation/gittutorial.txt to get started, then see Documentation/giteveryday.txt for a useful minimum set of commands, and Documentation/git-<commandname>.txt for documentation of each command. If git has been correctly installed, then the tutorial can also be read with man gittutorial or git help tutorial, and the documentation of each command with man git-<commandname> or git help <commandname>.

CVS users may also want to read Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt (man gitcvs-migration or git help cvs-migration if git is installed).

The user discussion and development of Git take place on the Git mailing list -- everyone is welcome to post bug reports, feature requests, comments and patches to git@vger.kernel.org (read Documentation/SubmittingPatches for instructions on patch submission). To subscribe to the list, send an email with just "subscribe git" in the body to majordomo@vger.kernel.org. The mailing list archives are available at https://lore.kernel.org/git/, http://marc.info/?l=git and other archival sites.

Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to the Git Security mailing list git-security@googlegroups.com.

The maintainer frequently sends the "What's cooking" reports that list the current status of various development topics to the mailing list. The discussion following them give a good reference for project status, development direction and remaining tasks.

The name "git" was given by Linus Torvalds when he wrote the very first version. He described the tool as "the stupid content tracker" and the name as (depending on your mood):

  • random three-letter combination that is pronounceable, and not actually used by any common UNIX command. The fact that it is a mispronunciation of "get" may or may not be relevant.
  • stupid. contemptible and despicable. simple. Take your pick from the dictionary of slang.
  • "global information tracker": you're in a good mood, and it actually works for you. Angels sing, and a light suddenly fills the room.
  • "goddamn idiotic truckload of sh*t": when it breaks