332 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
332 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
git-bundle(1)
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=============
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NAME
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----
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git-bundle - Move objects and refs by archive
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SYNOPSIS
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--------
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[verse]
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'git bundle' create [-q | --quiet | --progress]
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[--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>
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'git bundle' verify [-q | --quiet] <file>
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'git bundle' list-heads <file> [<refname>...]
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'git bundle' unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]
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DESCRIPTION
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-----------
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Create, unpack, and manipulate "bundle" files. Bundles are used for
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the "offline" transfer of Git objects without an active "server"
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sitting on the other side of the network connection.
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They can be used to create both incremental and full backups of a
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repository, and to relay the state of the references in one repository
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to another.
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Git commands that fetch or otherwise "read" via protocols such as
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`ssh://` and `https://` can also operate on bundle files. It is
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possible linkgit:git-clone[1] a new repository from a bundle, to use
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linkgit:git-fetch[1] to fetch from one, and to list the references
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contained within it with linkgit:git-ls-remote[1]. There's no
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corresponding "write" support, i.e.a 'git push' into a bundle is not
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supported.
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See the "EXAMPLES" section below for examples of how to use bundles.
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BUNDLE FORMAT
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-------------
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Bundles are `.pack` files (see linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]) with a
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header indicating what references are contained within the bundle.
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Like the packed archive format itself bundles can either be
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self-contained, or be created using exclusions.
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See the "OBJECT PREREQUISITES" section below.
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Bundles created using revision exclusions are "thin packs" created
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using the `--thin` option to linkgit:git-pack-objects[1], and
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unbundled using the `--fix-thin` option to linkgit:git-index-pack[1].
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There is no option to create a "thick pack" when using revision
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exclusions, and users should not be concerned about the difference. By
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using "thin packs", bundles created using exclusions are smaller in
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size. That they're "thin" under the hood is merely noted here as a
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curiosity, and as a reference to other documentation.
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See linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5] for more details and the discussion of
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"thin pack" in linkgit:gitformat-pack[5] for further details.
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OPTIONS
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-------
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create [options] <file> <git-rev-list-args>::
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Used to create a bundle named 'file'. This requires the
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'<git-rev-list-args>' arguments to define the bundle contents.
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'options' contains the options specific to the 'git bundle create'
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subcommand. If 'file' is `-`, the bundle is written to stdout.
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verify <file>::
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Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply
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cleanly to the current repository. This includes checks on the
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bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite
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commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository.
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Then, 'git bundle' prints a list of missing commits, if any.
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Finally, information about additional capabilities, such as "object
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filter", is printed. See "Capabilities" in linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5]
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for more information. The exit code is zero for success, but will
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be nonzero if the bundle file is invalid. If 'file' is `-`, the
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bundle is read from stdin.
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list-heads <file>::
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Lists the references defined in the bundle. If followed by a
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list of references, only references matching those given are
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printed out. If 'file' is `-`, the bundle is read from stdin.
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unbundle <file>::
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Passes the objects in the bundle to 'git index-pack'
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for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all
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defined references. If a list of references is given, only
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references matching those in the list are printed. This command is
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really plumbing, intended to be called only by 'git fetch'.
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If 'file' is `-`, the bundle is read from stdin.
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<git-rev-list-args>::
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A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git rev-parse' and
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'git rev-list' (and containing a named ref, see SPECIFYING REFERENCES
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below), that specifies the specific objects and references
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to transport. For example, `master~10..master` causes the
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current master reference to be packaged along with all objects
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added since its 10th ancestor commit. There is no explicit
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limit to the number of references and objects that may be
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packaged.
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[<refname>...]::
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A list of references used to limit the references reported as
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available. This is principally of use to 'git fetch', which
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expects to receive only those references asked for and not
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necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, 'git bundle' acts
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like 'git fetch-pack').
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--progress::
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Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
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by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
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is specified. This flag forces progress status even if
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the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.
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--version=<version>::
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Specify the bundle version. Version 2 is the older format and can only be
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used with SHA-1 repositories; the newer version 3 contains capabilities that
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permit extensions. The default is the oldest supported format, based on the
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hash algorithm in use.
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-q::
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--quiet::
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This flag makes the command not to report its progress
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on the standard error stream.
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SPECIFYING REFERENCES
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---------------------
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Revisions must be accompanied by reference names to be packaged in a
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bundle.
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More than one reference may be packaged, and more than one set of prerequisite objects can
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be specified. The objects packaged are those not contained in the
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union of the prerequisites.
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The 'git bundle create' command resolves the reference names for you
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using the same rules as `git rev-parse --abbrev-ref=loose`. Each
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prerequisite can be specified explicitly (e.g. `^master~10`), or implicitly
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(e.g. `master~10..master`, `--since=10.days.ago master`).
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All of these simple cases are OK (assuming we have a "master" and
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"next" branch):
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----------------
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$ git bundle create master.bundle master
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$ echo master | git bundle create master.bundle --stdin
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$ git bundle create master-and-next.bundle master next
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$ (echo master; echo next) | git bundle create master-and-next.bundle --stdin
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----------------
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And so are these (and the same but omitted `--stdin` examples):
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----------------
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$ git bundle create recent-master.bundle master~10..master
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$ git bundle create recent-updates.bundle master~10..master next~5..next
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----------------
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A revision name or a range whose right-hand-side cannot be resolved to
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a reference is not accepted:
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----------------
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$ git bundle create HEAD.bundle $(git rev-parse HEAD)
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fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.
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$ git bundle create master-yesterday.bundle master~10..master~5
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fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.
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----------------
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OBJECT PREREQUISITES
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--------------------
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When creating bundles it is possible to create a self-contained bundle
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that can be unbundled in a repository with no common history, as well
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as providing negative revisions to exclude objects needed in the
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earlier parts of the history.
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Feeding a revision such as `new` to `git bundle create` will create a
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bundle file that contains all the objects reachable from the revision
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`new`. That bundle can be unbundled in any repository to obtain a full
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history that leads to the revision `new`:
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----------------
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$ git bundle create full.bundle new
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----------------
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A revision range such as `old..new` will produce a bundle file that
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will require the revision `old` (and any objects reachable from it)
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to exist for the bundle to be "unbundle"-able:
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----------------
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$ git bundle create full.bundle old..new
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----------------
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A self-contained bundle without any prerequisites can be extracted
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into anywhere, even into an empty repository, or be cloned from
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(i.e., `new`, but not `old..new`).
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It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file
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to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored
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when unpacking at the destination.
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If you want to match `git clone --mirror`, which would include your
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refs such as `refs/remotes/*`, use `--all`.
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If you want to provide the same set of refs that a clone directly
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from the source repository would get, use `--branches --tags` for
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the `<git-rev-list-args>`.
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The 'git bundle verify' command can be used to check whether your
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recipient repository has the required prerequisite commits for a
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bundle.
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EXAMPLES
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--------
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Assume you want to transfer the history from a repository R1 on machine A
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to another repository R2 on machine B.
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For whatever reason, direct connection between A and B is not allowed,
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but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc.).
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We want to update R2 with development made on the branch master in R1.
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To bootstrap the process, you can first create a bundle that does not have
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any prerequisites. You can use a tag to remember up to what commit you last
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processed, in order to make it easy to later update the other repository
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with an incremental bundle:
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----------------
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machineA$ cd R1
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machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle master
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machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master
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----------------
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Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. Because this
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bundle does not require any existing object to be extracted, you can
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create a new repository on machine B by cloning from it:
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----------------
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machineB$ git clone -b master /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2
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----------------
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This will define a remote called "origin" in the resulting repository that
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lets you fetch and pull from the bundle. The $GIT_DIR/config file in R2 will
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have an entry like this:
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------------------------
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[remote "origin"]
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url = /home/me/tmp/file.bundle
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fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
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------------------------
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To update the resulting mine.git repository, you can fetch or pull after
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replacing the bundle stored at /home/me/tmp/file.bundle with incremental
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updates.
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After working some more in the original repository, you can create an
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incremental bundle to update the other repository:
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----------------
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machineA$ cd R1
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machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle lastR2bundle..master
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machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master
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----------------
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You then transfer the bundle to the other machine to replace
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/home/me/tmp/file.bundle, and pull from it.
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----------------
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machineB$ cd R2
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machineB$ git pull
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----------------
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If you know up to what commit the intended recipient repository should
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have the necessary objects, you can use that knowledge to specify the
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prerequisites, giving a cut-off point to limit the revisions and objects that go
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in the resulting bundle. The previous example used the lastR2bundle tag
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for this purpose, but you can use any other options that you would give to
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the linkgit:git-log[1] command. Here are more examples:
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You can use a tag that is present in both:
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----------------
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$ git bundle create mybundle v1.0.0..master
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----------------
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You can use a prerequisite based on time:
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----------------
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$ git bundle create mybundle --since=10.days master
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----------------
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You can use the number of commits:
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----------------
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$ git bundle create mybundle -10 master
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----------------
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You can run `git-bundle verify` to see if you can extract from a bundle
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that was created with a prerequisite:
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----------------
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$ git bundle verify mybundle
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----------------
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This will list what commits you must have in order to extract from the
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bundle and will error out if you do not have them.
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A bundle from a recipient repository's point of view is just like a
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regular repository which it fetches or pulls from. You can, for example, map
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references when fetching:
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----------------
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$ git fetch mybundle master:localRef
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----------------
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You can also see what references it offers:
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----------------
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$ git ls-remote mybundle
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----------------
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FILE FORMAT
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-----------
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See linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5].
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GIT
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---
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Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
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