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746 lines
24 KiB
git-rebase(1) |
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============= |
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NAME |
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---- |
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git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head |
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SYNOPSIS |
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-------- |
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[verse] |
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'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] |
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[<upstream>] [<branch>] |
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'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] |
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--root [<branch>] |
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'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort | --edit-todo |
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DESCRIPTION |
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----------- |
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If <branch> is specified, 'git rebase' will perform an automatic |
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`git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise |
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it remains on the current branch. |
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If <upstream> is not specified, the upstream configured in |
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branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge options will be used; see |
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linkgit:git-config[1] for details. If you are currently not on any |
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branch or if the current branch does not have a configured upstream, |
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the rebase will abort. |
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All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not |
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in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set |
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of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD` (or |
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`git log HEAD`, if --root is specified). |
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The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the |
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--onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as |
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`git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>). ORIG_HEAD is set |
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to point at the tip of the branch before the reset. |
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The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are |
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then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that |
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any commits in HEAD which introduce the same textual changes as a commit |
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in HEAD..<upstream> are omitted (i.e., a patch already accepted upstream |
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with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped). |
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It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being |
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completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure |
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and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit |
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that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To check out the |
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original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the |
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command `git rebase --abort` instead. |
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Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic": |
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------------ |
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A---B---C topic |
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/ |
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D---E---F---G master |
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------------ |
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From this point, the result of either of the following commands: |
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git rebase master |
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git rebase master topic |
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would be: |
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------------ |
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A'--B'--C' topic |
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/ |
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D---E---F---G master |
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------------ |
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*NOTE:* The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic` |
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followed by `git rebase master`. When rebase exits `topic` will |
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remain the checked-out branch. |
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If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g., |
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because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit |
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will be skipped. For example, running `git rebase master` on the |
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following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes, |
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but have different committer information): |
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------------ |
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A---B---C topic |
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/ |
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D---E---A'---F master |
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------------ |
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will result in: |
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------------ |
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B'---C' topic |
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/ |
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D---E---A'---F master |
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------------ |
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Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one |
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branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch |
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from the latter branch, using `rebase --onto`. |
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First let's assume your 'topic' is based on branch 'next'. |
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For example, a feature developed in 'topic' depends on some |
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functionality which is found in 'next'. |
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------------ |
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o---o---o---o---o master |
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\ |
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o---o---o---o---o next |
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\ |
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o---o---o topic |
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------------ |
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We want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master'; for example, |
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because the functionality on which 'topic' depends was merged into the |
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more stable 'master' branch. We want our tree to look like this: |
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------------ |
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o---o---o---o---o master |
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| \ |
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| o'--o'--o' topic |
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\ |
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o---o---o---o---o next |
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------------ |
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We can get this using the following command: |
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git rebase --onto master next topic |
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Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a |
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branch. If we have the following situation: |
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------------ |
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H---I---J topicB |
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/ |
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E---F---G topicA |
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/ |
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A---B---C---D master |
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------------ |
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then the command |
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git rebase --onto master topicA topicB |
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would result in: |
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------------ |
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H'--I'--J' topicB |
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/ |
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| E---F---G topicA |
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|/ |
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A---B---C---D master |
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------------ |
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This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA. |
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A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have |
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the following situation: |
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------------ |
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E---F---G---H---I---J topicA |
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------------ |
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then the command |
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git rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA |
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would result in the removal of commits F and G: |
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------------ |
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E---H'---I'---J' topicA |
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------------ |
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This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be |
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part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream> |
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parameter can be any valid commit-ish. |
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In case of conflict, 'git rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit |
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and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git diff' to locate |
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the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each |
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file you edit, you need to tell Git that the conflict has been resolved, |
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typically this would be done with |
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git add <filename> |
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After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the |
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desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with |
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git rebase --continue |
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Alternatively, you can undo the 'git rebase' with |
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git rebase --abort |
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CONFIGURATION |
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------------- |
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rebase.stat:: |
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Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last |
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rebase. False by default. |
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rebase.autosquash:: |
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If set to true enable '--autosquash' option by default. |
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OPTIONS |
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------- |
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--onto <newbase>:: |
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Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the |
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--onto option is not specified, the starting point is |
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<upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an |
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existing branch name. |
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+ |
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As a special case, you may use "A\...B" as a shortcut for the |
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merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can |
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leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. |
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<upstream>:: |
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Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit, |
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not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured |
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upstream for the current branch. |
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<branch>:: |
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Working branch; defaults to HEAD. |
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--continue:: |
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Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict. |
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--abort:: |
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Abort the rebase operation and reset HEAD to the original |
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branch. If <branch> was provided when the rebase operation was |
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started, then HEAD will be reset to <branch>. Otherwise HEAD |
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will be reset to where it was when the rebase operation was |
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started. |
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--keep-empty:: |
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Keep the commits that do not change anything from its |
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parents in the result. |
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--skip:: |
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Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch. |
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--edit-todo:: |
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Edit the todo list during an interactive rebase. |
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-m:: |
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--merge:: |
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Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge |
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strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the |
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upstream side. |
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+ |
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Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working |
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branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge |
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conflict happens, the side reported as 'ours' is the so-far rebased |
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series, starting with <upstream>, and 'theirs' is the working branch. In |
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other words, the sides are swapped. |
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-s <strategy>:: |
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--strategy=<strategy>:: |
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Use the given merge strategy. |
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If there is no `-s` option 'git merge-recursive' is used |
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instead. This implies --merge. |
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+ |
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Because 'git rebase' replays each commit from the working branch |
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on top of the <upstream> branch using the given strategy, using |
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the 'ours' strategy simply discards all patches from the <branch>, |
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which makes little sense. |
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-X <strategy-option>:: |
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--strategy-option=<strategy-option>:: |
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Pass the <strategy-option> through to the merge strategy. |
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This implies `--merge` and, if no strategy has been |
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specified, `-s recursive`. Note the reversal of 'ours' and |
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'theirs' as noted above for the `-m` option. |
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-q:: |
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--quiet:: |
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Be quiet. Implies --no-stat. |
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-v:: |
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--verbose:: |
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Be verbose. Implies --stat. |
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--stat:: |
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Show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. The |
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diffstat is also controlled by the configuration option rebase.stat. |
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-n:: |
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--no-stat:: |
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Do not show a diffstat as part of the rebase process. |
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--no-verify:: |
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This option bypasses the pre-rebase hook. See also linkgit:githooks[5]. |
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--verify:: |
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Allows the pre-rebase hook to run, which is the default. This option can |
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be used to override --no-verify. See also linkgit:githooks[5]. |
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-C<n>:: |
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Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before |
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and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding |
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context exist they all must match. By default no context is |
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ever ignored. |
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-f:: |
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--force-rebase:: |
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Force the rebase even if the current branch is a descendant |
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of the commit you are rebasing onto. Normally non-interactive rebase will |
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exit with the message "Current branch is up to date" in such a |
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situation. |
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Incompatible with the --interactive option. |
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+ |
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You may find this (or --no-ff with an interactive rebase) helpful after |
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reverting a topic branch merge, as this option recreates the topic branch with |
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fresh commits so it can be remerged successfully without needing to "revert |
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the reversion" (see the |
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link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). |
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--ignore-whitespace:: |
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--whitespace=<option>:: |
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These flag are passed to the 'git apply' program |
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(see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch. |
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Incompatible with the --interactive option. |
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--committer-date-is-author-date:: |
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--ignore-date:: |
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These flags are passed to 'git am' to easily change the dates |
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of the rebased commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]). |
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Incompatible with the --interactive option. |
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-i:: |
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--interactive:: |
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Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the |
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user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to |
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split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below). |
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-p:: |
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--preserve-merges:: |
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Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them. |
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+ |
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This uses the `--interactive` machinery internally, but combining it |
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with the `--interactive` option explicitly is generally not a good |
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idea unless you know what you are doing (see BUGS below). |
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-x <cmd>:: |
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--exec <cmd>:: |
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Append "exec <cmd>" after each line creating a commit in the |
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final history. <cmd> will be interpreted as one or more shell |
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commands. |
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+ |
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This option can only be used with the `--interactive` option |
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(see INTERACTIVE MODE below). |
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+ |
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You may execute several commands by either using one instance of `--exec` |
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with several commands: |
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+ |
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git rebase -i --exec "cmd1 && cmd2 && ..." |
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+ |
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or by giving more than one `--exec`: |
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+ |
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git rebase -i --exec "cmd1" --exec "cmd2" --exec ... |
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+ |
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If `--autosquash` is used, "exec" lines will not be appended for |
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the intermediate commits, and will only appear at the end of each |
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squash/fixup series. |
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--root:: |
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Rebase all commits reachable from <branch>, instead of |
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limiting them with an <upstream>. This allows you to rebase |
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the root commit(s) on a branch. When used with --onto, it |
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will skip changes already contained in <newbase> (instead of |
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<upstream>) whereas without --onto it will operate on every change. |
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When used together with both --onto and --preserve-merges, |
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'all' root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent |
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instead. |
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--autosquash:: |
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--no-autosquash:: |
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When the commit log message begins with "squash! ..." (or |
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"fixup! ..."), and there is a commit whose title begins with |
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the same ..., automatically modify the todo list of rebase -i |
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so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after the |
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commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved |
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commit from `pick` to `squash` (or `fixup`). |
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+ |
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This option is only valid when the '--interactive' option is used. |
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+ |
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If the '--autosquash' option is enabled by default using the |
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configuration variable `rebase.autosquash`, this option can be |
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used to override and disable this setting. |
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--no-ff:: |
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With --interactive, cherry-pick all rebased commits instead of |
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fast-forwarding over the unchanged ones. This ensures that the |
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entire history of the rebased branch is composed of new commits. |
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+ |
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Without --interactive, this is a synonym for --force-rebase. |
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+ |
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You may find this helpful after reverting a topic branch merge, as this option |
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recreates the topic branch with fresh commits so it can be remerged |
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successfully without needing to "revert the reversion" (see the |
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link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). |
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include::merge-strategies.txt[] |
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NOTES |
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----- |
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You should understand the implications of using 'git rebase' on a |
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repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE |
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below. |
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When the git-rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase" |
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hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and |
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reject the rebase if it isn't appropriate. Please see the template |
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pre-rebase hook script for an example. |
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Upon completion, <branch> will be the current branch. |
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INTERACTIVE MODE |
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---------------- |
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Rebasing interactively means that you have a chance to edit the commits |
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which are rebased. You can reorder the commits, and you can |
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remove them (weeding out bad or otherwise unwanted patches). |
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The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow: |
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1. have a wonderful idea |
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2. hack on the code |
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3. prepare a series for submission |
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4. submit |
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where point 2. consists of several instances of |
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a) regular use |
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1. finish something worthy of a commit |
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2. commit |
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b) independent fixup |
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1. realize that something does not work |
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2. fix that |
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3. commit it |
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Sometimes the thing fixed in b.2. cannot be amended to the not-quite |
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perfect commit it fixes, because that commit is buried deeply in a |
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patch series. That is exactly what interactive rebase is for: use it |
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after plenty of "a"s and "b"s, by rearranging and editing |
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commits, and squashing multiple commits into one. |
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Start it with the last commit you want to retain as-is: |
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git rebase -i <after-this-commit> |
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An editor will be fired up with all the commits in your current branch |
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(ignoring merge commits), which come after the given commit. You can |
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reorder the commits in this list to your heart's content, and you can |
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remove them. The list looks more or less like this: |
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------------------------------------------- |
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pick deadbee The oneline of this commit |
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pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit |
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... |
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------------------------------------------- |
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The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git rebase' will |
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not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this |
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example), so do not delete or edit the names. |
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By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell |
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'git rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit |
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the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue |
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rebasing. |
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If you just want to edit the commit message for a commit, replace the |
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command "pick" with the command "reword". |
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If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command |
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"pick" for the second and subsequent commits with "squash" or "fixup". |
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If the commits had different authors, the folded commit will be |
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attributed to the author of the first commit. The suggested commit |
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message for the folded commit is the concatenation of the commit |
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messages of the first commit and of those with the "squash" command, |
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but omits the commit messages of commits with the "fixup" command. |
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'git rebase' will stop when "pick" has been replaced with "edit" or |
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when a command fails due to merge errors. When you are done editing |
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and/or resolving conflicts you can continue with `git rebase --continue`. |
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For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what |
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was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call |
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'git rebase' like this: |
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---------------------- |
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$ git rebase -i HEAD~5 |
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---------------------- |
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And move the first patch to the end of the list. |
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You might want to preserve merges, if you have a history like this: |
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------------------ |
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X |
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\ |
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A---M---B |
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/ |
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---o---O---P---Q |
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------------------ |
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Suppose you want to rebase the side branch starting at "A" to "Q". Make |
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sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call |
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----------------------------- |
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$ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O |
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----------------------------- |
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Reordering and editing commits usually creates untested intermediate |
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steps. You may want to check that your history editing did not break |
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anything by running a test, or at least recompiling at intermediate |
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points in history by using the "exec" command (shortcut "x"). You may |
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do so by creating a todo list like this one: |
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------------------------------------------- |
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pick deadbee Implement feature XXX |
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fixup f1a5c00 Fix to feature XXX |
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exec make |
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pick c0ffeee The oneline of the next commit |
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edit deadbab The oneline of the commit after |
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exec cd subdir; make test |
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... |
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------------------------------------------- |
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The interactive rebase will stop when a command fails (i.e. exits with |
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non-0 status) to give you an opportunity to fix the problem. You can |
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continue with `git rebase --continue`. |
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The "exec" command launches the command in a shell (the one specified |
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in `$SHELL`, or the default shell if `$SHELL` is not set), so you can |
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use shell features (like "cd", ">", ";" ...). The command is run from |
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the root of the working tree. |
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---------------------------------- |
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$ git rebase -i --exec "make test" |
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---------------------------------- |
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This command lets you check that intermediate commits are compilable. |
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The todo list becomes like that: |
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|
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-------------------- |
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pick 5928aea one |
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exec make test |
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pick 04d0fda two |
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exec make test |
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pick ba46169 three |
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exec make test |
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pick f4593f9 four |
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exec make test |
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-------------------- |
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SPLITTING COMMITS |
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----------------- |
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|
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In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However, |
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this does not necessarily mean that 'git rebase' expects the result of this |
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edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can |
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add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two: |
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|
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- Start an interactive rebase with `git rebase -i <commit>^`, where |
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<commit> is the commit you want to split. In fact, any commit range |
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will do, as long as it contains that commit. |
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|
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- Mark the commit you want to split with the action "edit". |
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|
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- When it comes to editing that commit, execute `git reset HEAD^`. The |
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effect is that the HEAD is rewound by one, and the index follows suit. |
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However, the working tree stays the same. |
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|
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- Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first |
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commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or |
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'git gui' (or both) to do that. |
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- Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate |
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now. |
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- Repeat the last two steps until your working tree is clean. |
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- Continue the rebase with `git rebase --continue`. |
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If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are |
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consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use |
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'git stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes |
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after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary. |
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RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE |
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------------------------------- |
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Rebasing (or any other form of rewriting) a branch that others have |
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based work on is a bad idea: anyone downstream of it is forced to |
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manually fix their history. This section explains how to do the fix |
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from the downstream's point of view. The real fix, however, would be |
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to avoid rebasing the upstream in the first place. |
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To illustrate, suppose you are in a situation where someone develops a |
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'subsystem' branch, and you are working on a 'topic' that is dependent |
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on this 'subsystem'. You might end up with a history like the |
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following: |
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------------ |
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o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master |
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\ |
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o---o---o---o---o subsystem |
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\ |
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*---*---* topic |
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------------ |
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If 'subsystem' is rebased against 'master', the following happens: |
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------------ |
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o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master |
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\ \ |
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o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem |
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\ |
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*---*---* topic |
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------------ |
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If you now continue development as usual, and eventually merge 'topic' |
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to 'subsystem', the commits from 'subsystem' will remain duplicated forever: |
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------------ |
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o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master |
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\ \ |
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o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o'--M subsystem |
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\ / |
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*---*---*-..........-*--* topic |
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------------ |
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Such duplicates are generally frowned upon because they clutter up |
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history, making it harder to follow. To clean things up, you need to |
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transplant the commits on 'topic' to the new 'subsystem' tip, i.e., |
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rebase 'topic'. This becomes a ripple effect: anyone downstream from |
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'topic' is forced to rebase too, and so on! |
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There are two kinds of fixes, discussed in the following subsections: |
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Easy case: The changes are literally the same.:: |
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This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase was a simple rebase and |
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had no conflicts. |
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Hard case: The changes are not the same.:: |
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This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used |
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`--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or |
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if the upstream used one of `commit --amend`, `reset`, or |
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`filter-branch`. |
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The easy case |
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on |
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'subsystem' are literally the same before and after the rebase |
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'subsystem' did. |
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In that case, the fix is easy because 'git rebase' knows to skip |
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changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say |
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(assuming you're on 'topic') |
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------------ |
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$ git rebase subsystem |
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------------ |
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you will end up with the fixed history |
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------------ |
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o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master |
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\ |
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o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem |
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\ |
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*---*---* topic |
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------------ |
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The hard case |
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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Things get more complicated if the 'subsystem' changes do not exactly |
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correspond to the ones before the rebase. |
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NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful |
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even in the hard case, it may have unintended consequences. For |
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example, a commit that was removed via `git rebase |
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--interactive` will be **resurrected**! |
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The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' |
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ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base |
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between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit |
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of the old 'subsystem', for example: |
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* With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git fetch', the old tip of |
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'subsystem' is at `subsystem@{1}`. Subsequent fetches will |
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increase the number. (See linkgit:git-reflog[1].) |
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* Relative to the tip of 'topic': knowing that your 'topic' has three |
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commits, the old tip of 'subsystem' must be `topic~3`. |
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You can then transplant the old `subsystem..topic` to the new tip by |
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saying (for the reflog case, and assuming you are on 'topic' already): |
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------------ |
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$ git rebase --onto subsystem subsystem@{1} |
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------------ |
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The ripple effect of a "hard case" recovery is especially bad: |
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'everyone' downstream from 'topic' will now have to perform a "hard |
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case" recovery too! |
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BUGS |
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---- |
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The todo list presented by `--preserve-merges --interactive` does not |
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represent the topology of the revision graph. Editing commits and |
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rewording their commit messages should work fine, but attempts to |
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reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results. |
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For example, an attempt to rearrange |
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------------ |
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1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 |
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------------ |
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to |
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------------ |
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1 --- 2 --- 4 --- 3 --- 5 |
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------------ |
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by moving the "pick 4" line will result in the following history: |
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------------ |
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3 |
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/ |
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1 --- 2 --- 4 --- 5 |
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------------ |
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GIT |
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--- |
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Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
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