push: fix --force-if-includes non-branch advice

When a --force-if-includes push is rejected due lacking reflog to
consult, the advice is misleading:

     ! [rejected] HEAD -> main (remote ref updated since checkout)
    error: failed to push some refs to '<remote>'
    hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of the remote-tracking
    hint: branch has been updated since the last checkout. If you want
    hint: to integrate the remote changes, use 'git pull' before
    hint: pushing again. See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git
    hint: push --help' for details.

But a `git pull` will not fix this rejection. What is required is either

- Specify the expected remote tip with --force-with-lease=<ref>:<expect>
- Ignore the error with --no-force-if-includes

Add ref->unverifiable to differentiate pushing something without a
reflog to consult vs. a remote update rejection.

Ensure tests check the rejection message.

Reported-by: D. Ben Knoble <ben.knoble@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Cipriani <tyler@tylercipriani.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

Documentation/config/advice.adoc

@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@ all advice messages.
 		Shown when linkgit:git-push[1] rejects a forced update of
 		a branch when its remote-tracking ref has updates that we
 		do not have locally.
+	pushRefUnverifiable::
+		Shown when linkgit:git-push[1] rejects a forced update of
+		a branch when we are unable to verify the remote-tracking
+		ref is integrated locally.
 	pushUnqualifiedRefname::
 		Shown when linkgit:git-push[1] gives up trying to
 		guess based on the source and destination refs what

advice.c

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ static struct {
 	[ADVICE_PUSH_NON_FF_CURRENT]			= { "pushNonFFCurrent" },
 	[ADVICE_PUSH_NON_FF_MATCHING]			= { "pushNonFFMatching" },
 	[ADVICE_PUSH_REF_NEEDS_UPDATE]			= { "pushRefNeedsUpdate" },
+	[ADVICE_PUSH_REF_UNVERIFIABLE]			= { "pushRefUnverifiable" },
 	[ADVICE_PUSH_UNQUALIFIED_REF_NAME]		= { "pushUnqualifiedRefName" },
 	[ADVICE_PUSH_UPDATE_REJECTED]			= { "pushUpdateRejected" },
 	[ADVICE_PUSH_UPDATE_REJECTED_ALIAS]		= { "pushNonFastForward" }, /* backwards compatibility */

advice.h

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ enum advice_type {
 	ADVICE_PUSH_NON_FF_CURRENT,
 	ADVICE_PUSH_NON_FF_MATCHING,
 	ADVICE_PUSH_REF_NEEDS_UPDATE,
+	ADVICE_PUSH_REF_UNVERIFIABLE,
 	ADVICE_PUSH_UNQUALIFIED_REF_NAME,
 	ADVICE_PUSH_UPDATE_REJECTED,
 	ADVICE_PUSH_UPDATE_REJECTED_ALIAS,

builtin/push.c

@@ -319,6 +319,13 @@ static const char message_advice_ref_needs_update[] =
 	   "remote changes, use 'git pull' before pushing again.\n"
 	   "See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.");
 
+static const char message_advice_ref_unverifiable[] =
+	N_("Updates were rejected because what you are pushing is not a branch,\n"
+	   "so there is no reflog to check against the tip of the remote-tracking\n"
+	   "branch. If you want to push anyway, specify the expected value with\n"
+	   "'--force-with-lease=<ref>:<expect>' or use '--no-force-if-includes'\n"
+	   "to skip this check.");
+
 static void advise_pull_before_push(void)
 {
 	if (!advice_enabled(ADVICE_PUSH_NON_FF_CURRENT) || !advice_enabled(ADVICE_PUSH_UPDATE_REJECTED))
@@ -361,6 +368,14 @@ static void advise_ref_needs_update(void)
 	advise(_(message_advice_ref_needs_update));
 }
 
+static void advise_ref_unverifiable(void)
+{
+	if (!advice_enabled(ADVICE_PUSH_REF_UNVERIFIABLE) ||
+			!advice_enabled(ADVICE_PUSH_UPDATE_REJECTED))
+		return;
+	advise(_(message_advice_ref_unverifiable));
+}
+
 static int push_with_options(struct transport *transport, struct refspec *rs,
 			     int flags)
 {
@@ -412,6 +427,8 @@ static int push_with_options(struct transport *transport, struct refspec *rs,
 		advise_ref_needs_force();
 	} else if (reject_reasons & REJECT_REF_NEEDS_UPDATE) {
 		advise_ref_needs_update();
+	} else if (reject_reasons & REJECT_REF_UNVERIFIABLE) {
+		advise_ref_unverifiable();
 	}
 
 	return 1;

builtin/send-pack.c

@@ -76,6 +76,11 @@ static void print_helper_status(struct ref *ref)
 			msg = "remote ref updated since checkout";
 			break;
 
+		case REF_STATUS_REJECT_UNVERIFIABLE:
+			res = "error";
+			msg = "remote ref unverifiable";
+			break;
+
 		case REF_STATUS_REJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS:
 			res = "error";
 			msg = "already exists";

remote.c

@@ -1701,6 +1701,9 @@ void set_ref_status_for_push(struct ref *remote_refs, int send_mirror,
 			else if (ref->check_reachable && ref->unreachable)
 				reject_reason =
 					REF_STATUS_REJECT_REMOTE_UPDATED;
+			else if (ref->check_reachable && ref->unverifiable)
+				reject_reason =
+					REF_STATUS_REJECT_UNVERIFIABLE;
 			else
 				/*
 				 * If the ref isn't stale, and is reachable
@@ -2826,7 +2829,7 @@ static void check_if_includes_upstream(struct ref *remote)
 	 * then there is no reliable reflog to check
 	 */
 	if (!name || !starts_with(name, "refs/heads/")) {
-		remote->unreachable = 1;
+		remote->unverifiable = 1;
 		return;
 	}
 

remote.h

@@ -169,10 +169,13 @@ struct ref {
 		/* Need to check if local reflog reaches the remote tip. */
 		check_reachable:1,
 		/*
-		 * Store the result of the check enabled by "check_reachable";
-		 * implies the local reflog does not reach the remote tip.
+		 * Store the result of the check enabled by "check_reachable".
+		 * "unreachable" implies the local reflog does not reach the remote
+		 * tip. "unverifiable" implies no local branch reflog to check; i.e.,
+		 * detached HEAD.
 		 */
-		unreachable:1;
+		unreachable:1,
+		unverifiable:1;
 
 	enum {
 		REF_NOT_MATCHED = 0, /* initial value */
@@ -203,6 +206,7 @@ struct ref {
 		REF_STATUS_REJECT_STALE,
 		REF_STATUS_REJECT_SHALLOW,
 		REF_STATUS_REJECT_REMOTE_UPDATED,
+		REF_STATUS_REJECT_UNVERIFIABLE,
 		REF_STATUS_UPTODATE,
 		REF_STATUS_REMOTE_REJECT,
 		REF_STATUS_EXPECTING_REPORT,

send-pack.c

@@ -322,6 +322,7 @@ static int check_to_send_update(const struct ref *ref, const struct send_pack_ar
 	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_NEEDS_FORCE:
 	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_STALE:
 	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_REMOTE_UPDATED:
+	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_UNVERIFIABLE:
 	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_NODELETE:
 		return CHECK_REF_STATUS_REJECTED;
 	case REF_STATUS_UPTODATE:

t/t5533-push-cas.sh

@@ -311,7 +311,8 @@ test_expect_success 'background updates to remote can be mitigated with "--force
 		git switch main &&
 		test_commit J &&
 		git fetch --all &&
-		test_must_fail git push --force-with-lease --force-if-includes --all
+		test_must_fail git push --force-with-lease --force-if-includes --all 2>err &&
+		test_grep "remote ref updated since checkout" err
 	) &&
 	git ls-remote dst refs/heads/main >actual.main &&
 	git ls-remote dst refs/heads/branch >actual.branch &&
@@ -458,7 +459,9 @@ test_expect_success '"--force-if-includes" should reject forced update from deta
 		git reset --hard origin/main &&
 		git switch -c newbranch origin/main &&
 		git checkout HEAD^ &&
-		test_must_fail git push --force-if-includes --force-with-lease origin HEAD:main
+		test_must_fail git push --force-if-includes --force-with-lease origin HEAD:main 2>err &&
+		test_grep "remote ref unverifiable" err &&
+		test_grep "no-force-if-includes" err
 	)
 '
 
@@ -473,7 +476,9 @@ test_expect_success '"--force-if-includes" should reject forced update from tag'
 		git switch -c newbranch origin/main &&
 		git checkout HEAD^ &&
 		git tag stable &&
-		test_must_fail git push --force-if-includes --force-with-lease origin stable:main
+		test_must_fail git push --force-if-includes --force-with-lease origin stable:main 2>err &&
+		test_grep "remote ref unverifiable" err &&
+		test_grep "no-force-if-includes" err
 	)
 '
 

transport-helper.c

@@ -893,6 +893,10 @@ static int push_update_ref_status(struct strbuf *buf,
 			status = REF_STATUS_REJECT_REMOTE_UPDATED;
 			FREE_AND_NULL(msg);
 		}
+		else if (!strcmp(msg, "remote ref unverifiable")) {
+			status = REF_STATUS_REJECT_UNVERIFIABLE;
+			FREE_AND_NULL(msg);
+		}
 		else if (!strcmp(msg, "forced update")) {
 			forced = 1;
 			FREE_AND_NULL(msg);
@@ -1046,6 +1050,7 @@ static int push_refs_with_push(struct transport *transport,
 		case REF_STATUS_REJECT_STALE:
 		case REF_STATUS_REJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS:
 		case REF_STATUS_REJECT_REMOTE_UPDATED:
+		case REF_STATUS_REJECT_UNVERIFIABLE:
 			if (atomic) {
 				reject_atomic_push(remote_refs, mirror);
 				string_list_clear(&cas_options, 0);

transport.c

@@ -779,6 +779,11 @@ static int print_one_push_report(struct ref *ref, const char *dest, int count,
 				 "remote ref updated since checkout",
 				 report, porcelain, summary_width);
 		break;
+	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_UNVERIFIABLE:
+		print_ref_status('!', "[rejected]", ref, ref->peer_ref,
+				 "remote ref unverifiable",
+				 report, porcelain, summary_width);
+		break;
 	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_SHALLOW:
 		print_ref_status('!', "[rejected]", ref, ref->peer_ref,
 				 "new shallow roots not allowed",
@@ -893,6 +898,8 @@ void transport_print_push_status(const char *dest, struct ref *refs,
 			*reject_reasons |= REJECT_NEEDS_FORCE;
 		} else if (ref->status == REF_STATUS_REJECT_REMOTE_UPDATED) {
 			*reject_reasons |= REJECT_REF_NEEDS_UPDATE;
+		} else if (ref->status == REF_STATUS_REJECT_UNVERIFIABLE) {
+			*reject_reasons |= REJECT_REF_UNVERIFIABLE;
 		}
 	}
 	free(head);
@@ -1348,6 +1355,7 @@ static int pre_push_hook_feed_stdin(int hook_stdin_fd, void *pp_cb UNUSED, void
 	switch (r->status) {
 	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_NONFASTFORWARD:
 	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_REMOTE_UPDATED:
+	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_UNVERIFIABLE:
 	case REF_STATUS_REJECT_STALE:
 	case REF_STATUS_UPTODATE:
 		return 0; /* skip refs which won't be pushed */

transport.h

@@ -256,6 +256,7 @@ void transport_set_verbosity(struct transport *transport, int verbosity,
 #define REJECT_FETCH_FIRST      0x08
 #define REJECT_NEEDS_FORCE      0x10
 #define REJECT_REF_NEEDS_UPDATE 0x20
+#define REJECT_REF_UNVERIFIABLE 0x40
 
 int transport_push(struct repository *repo,
 		   struct transport *connection,