diff --git a/send-pack.c b/send-pack.c
index 772c7683a0..856a65d5f5 100644
--- a/send-pack.c
+++ b/send-pack.c
@@ -632,7 +632,8 @@ int send_pack(struct repository *r,
 				reject_atomic_push(remote_refs, args->send_mirror);
 				error("atomic push failed for ref %s. status: %d",
 				      ref->name, ref->status);
-				ret = args->porcelain ? 0 : -1;
+				ret = ERROR_SEND_PACK_BAD_REF_STATUS;
+				packet_flush(out);
 				goto out;
 			}
 			/* else fallthrough */
@@ -763,11 +764,6 @@ int send_pack(struct repository *r,
 	if (ret < 0)
 		goto out;
 
-	if (args->porcelain) {
-		ret = 0;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
 	for (ref = remote_refs; ref; ref = ref->next) {
 		switch (ref->status) {
 		case REF_STATUS_NONE:
@@ -775,7 +771,7 @@ int send_pack(struct repository *r,
 		case REF_STATUS_OK:
 			break;
 		default:
-			ret = -1;
+			ret = ERROR_SEND_PACK_BAD_REF_STATUS;
 			goto out;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/send-pack.h b/send-pack.h
index d256715681..c5ded2d200 100644
--- a/send-pack.h
+++ b/send-pack.h
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ struct repository;
 #define SEND_PACK_PUSH_CERT_IF_ASKED 1
 #define SEND_PACK_PUSH_CERT_ALWAYS 2
 
+/* At least one reference has been rejected by the remote side. */
+#define ERROR_SEND_PACK_BAD_REF_STATUS 1
+
 struct send_pack_args {
 	const char *url;
 	unsigned verbose:1,
@@ -36,6 +39,16 @@ struct option;
 int option_parse_push_signed(const struct option *opt,
 			     const char *arg, int unset);
 
+/*
+ * Compute a packfile and write it to a file descriptor. The `fd` array needs
+ * to contain two file descriptors: `fd[0]` is the file descriptor used as
+ * input for the packet reader, whereas `fd[1]` is the file descriptor the
+ * packfile will be written to.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success, non-zero otherwise. Negative return values indicate a
+ * generic error, whereas positive return values indicate specific error
+ * conditions as documented with the `ERROR_SEND_PACK_*` constants.
+ */
 int send_pack(struct repository *r, struct send_pack_args *args,
 	      int fd[], struct child_process *conn,
 	      struct ref *remote_refs, struct oid_array *extra_have);
diff --git a/t/t5504-fetch-receive-strict.sh b/t/t5504-fetch-receive-strict.sh
index e273ab29c7..58074506c5 100755
--- a/t/t5504-fetch-receive-strict.sh
+++ b/t/t5504-fetch-receive-strict.sh
@@ -64,12 +64,6 @@ test_expect_success 'fetch with transfer.fsckobjects' '
 	)
 '
 
-cat >exp <<EOF
-To dst
-!	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/test	[remote rejected] (missing necessary objects)
-Done
-EOF
-
 test_expect_success 'push without strict' '
 	rm -rf dst &&
 	git init dst &&
@@ -78,6 +72,11 @@ test_expect_success 'push without strict' '
 		git config fetch.fsckobjects false &&
 		git config transfer.fsckobjects false
 	) &&
+	cat >exp <<-\EOF &&
+	To dst
+	!	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/test	[remote rejected] (missing necessary objects)
+	Done
+	EOF
 	test_must_fail git push --porcelain dst main:refs/heads/test >act &&
 	test_cmp exp act
 '
@@ -94,11 +93,6 @@ test_expect_success 'push with !receive.fsckobjects' '
 	test_cmp exp act
 '
 
-cat >exp <<EOF
-To dst
-!	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/test	[remote rejected] (unpacker error)
-EOF
-
 test_expect_success 'push with receive.fsckobjects' '
 	rm -rf dst &&
 	git init dst &&
@@ -107,6 +101,10 @@ test_expect_success 'push with receive.fsckobjects' '
 		git config receive.fsckobjects true &&
 		git config transfer.fsckobjects false
 	) &&
+	cat >exp <<-\EOF &&
+	To dst
+	!	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/test	[remote rejected] (unpacker error)
+	EOF
 	test_must_fail git push --porcelain dst main:refs/heads/test >act &&
 	test_cmp exp act
 '
@@ -129,15 +127,14 @@ test_expect_success 'repair the "corrupt or missing" object' '
 	git fsck
 '
 
-cat >bogus-commit <<EOF
-tree $EMPTY_TREE
-author Bugs Bunny 1234567890 +0000
-committer Bugs Bunny <bugs@bun.ni> 1234567890 +0000
-
-This commit object intentionally broken
-EOF
-
 test_expect_success 'setup bogus commit' '
+	cat >bogus-commit <<-EOF &&
+	tree $EMPTY_TREE
+	author Bugs Bunny 1234567890 +0000
+	committer Bugs Bunny <bugs@bun.ni> 1234567890 +0000
+
+	This commit object intentionally broken
+	EOF
 	commit="$(git hash-object --literally -t commit -w --stdin <bogus-commit)"
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5543-atomic-push.sh b/t/t5543-atomic-push.sh
index 04b47ad84a..3a700b0676 100755
--- a/t/t5543-atomic-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5543-atomic-push.sh
@@ -280,4 +280,34 @@ test_expect_success 'atomic push reports (reject by non-ff)' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'atomic push reports exit code failure' '
+	write_script receive-pack-wrapper <<-\EOF &&
+	git-receive-pack "$@"
+	exit 1
+	EOF
+	test_must_fail git -C workbench push --atomic \
+		--receive-pack="${SQ}$(pwd)${SQ}/receive-pack-wrapper" \
+		up HEAD:refs/heads/no-conflict 2>err &&
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	To ../upstream
+	 * [new branch]      HEAD -> no-conflict
+	error: failed to push some refs to ${SQ}../upstream${SQ}
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'atomic push reports exit code failure with porcelain' '
+	write_script receive-pack-wrapper <<-\EOF &&
+	git-receive-pack "$@"
+	exit 1
+	EOF
+	test_must_fail git -C workbench push --atomic --porcelain \
+		--receive-pack="${SQ}$(pwd)${SQ}/receive-pack-wrapper" \
+		up HEAD:refs/heads/no-conflict-porcelain 2>err &&
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	error: failed to push some refs to ${SQ}../upstream${SQ}
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5548-push-porcelain.sh b/t/t5548-push-porcelain.sh
index 6282728eaf..4c19404ebe 100755
--- a/t/t5548-push-porcelain.sh
+++ b/t/t5548-push-porcelain.sh
@@ -54,29 +54,67 @@ format_and_save_expect () {
 	sed -e 's/^> //' -e 's/Z$//' >expect
 }
 
+create_upstream_template () {
+	git init --bare upstream-template.git &&
+	git clone upstream-template.git tmp_work_dir &&
+	create_commits_in tmp_work_dir A B &&
+	(
+		cd tmp_work_dir &&
+		git push origin \
+			$B:refs/heads/main \
+			$A:refs/heads/foo \
+			$A:refs/heads/bar \
+			$A:refs/heads/baz
+	) &&
+	rm -rf tmp_work_dir
+}
+
+setup_upstream () {
+	if test $# -ne 1
+	then
+		BUG "location of upstream repository is not provided"
+	fi &&
+	rm -rf "$1" &&
+	if ! test -d upstream-template.git
+	then
+		create_upstream_template
+	fi &&
+	git clone --mirror upstream-template.git "$1" &&
+	# The upstream repository provides services using the HTTP protocol.
+	if ! test "$1" = "upstream.git"
+	then
+		git -C "$1" config http.receivepack true
+	fi
+}
+
 setup_upstream_and_workbench () {
-	# Upstream  after setup : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
-	# Workbench after setup : main(A)
+	if test $# -ne 1
+	then
+		BUG "location of upstream repository is not provided"
+	fi
+	upstream="$1"
+
+	# Upstream  after setup: main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Workbench after setup: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
 	test_expect_success "setup upstream repository and workbench" '
-		rm -rf upstream.git workbench &&
-		git init --bare upstream.git &&
-		git init workbench &&
-		create_commits_in workbench A B &&
+		setup_upstream "$upstream" &&
+		rm -rf workbench &&
+		git clone "$upstream" workbench &&
 		(
 			cd workbench &&
+			git update-ref refs/heads/main $A &&
+			git update-ref refs/heads/baz $A &&
+			git update-ref refs/heads/next $A &&
 			# Try to make a stable fixed width for abbreviated commit ID,
 			# this fixed-width oid will be replaced with "<OID>".
 			git config core.abbrev 7 &&
-			git remote add origin ../upstream.git &&
-			git update-ref refs/heads/main $A &&
-			git push origin \
-				$B:refs/heads/main \
-				$A:refs/heads/foo \
-				$A:refs/heads/bar \
-				$A:refs/heads/baz
+			git config advice.pushUpdateRejected false
 		) &&
-		git -C "workbench" config advice.pushUpdateRejected false &&
-		upstream=upstream.git
+		# The upstream repository provides services using the HTTP protocol.
+		if ! test "$upstream" = "upstream.git"
+		then
+			git -C workbench remote set-url origin "$HTTPD_URL/smart/upstream.git"
+		fi
 	'
 }
 
@@ -88,26 +126,55 @@ run_git_push_porcelain_output_test() {
 		;;
 	file)
 		PROTOCOL="builtin protocol"
-		URL_PREFIX="\.\."
+		URL_PREFIX=".*"
 		;;
 	esac
 
 	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
 	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
 	# git-push         : main(A)  NULL    (B)     baz(A)  next(A)
-	test_expect_success "porcelain output of successful git-push ($PROTOCOL)" '
-		(
-			cd workbench &&
-			git update-ref refs/heads/main $A &&
-			git update-ref refs/heads/baz $A &&
-			git update-ref refs/heads/next $A &&
-			git push --porcelain --force origin \
-				main \
-				:refs/heads/foo \
-				$B:bar \
-				baz \
-				next
-		) >out &&
+	test_expect_success ".. git-push --porcelain ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		test_when_finished "setup_upstream \"$upstream\"" &&
+		test_must_fail git -C workbench push --porcelain origin \
+			main \
+			:refs/heads/foo \
+			$B:bar \
+			baz \
+			next >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		format_and_save_expect <<-\EOF &&
+		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
+		> =	refs/heads/baz:refs/heads/baz	[up to date]
+		>  	<COMMIT-B>:refs/heads/bar	<COMMIT-A>..<COMMIT-B>
+		> -	:refs/heads/foo	[deleted]
+		> *	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[new branch]
+		> !	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	[rejected] (non-fast-forward)
+		> Done
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		git -C "$upstream" show-ref >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/bar
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/baz
+		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/main
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/next
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+
+	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
+	# git-push         : main(A)  NULL    (B)     baz(A)  next(A)
+	test_expect_success ".. git-push --porcelain --force ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		test_when_finished "setup_upstream \"$upstream\"" &&
+		git -C workbench push --porcelain --force origin \
+			main \
+			:refs/heads/foo \
+			$B:bar \
+			baz \
+			next >out &&
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
 		format_and_save_expect <<-EOF &&
 		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
@@ -131,108 +198,129 @@ run_git_push_porcelain_output_test() {
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	'
 
-	# Refs of upstream : main(A)  bar(B)  baz(A)  next(A)
-	# Refs of workbench: main(B)  bar(A)  baz(A)  next(A)
-	# git-push         : main(B)  bar(A)  NULL    next(A)
-	test_expect_success "atomic push failed ($PROTOCOL)" '
-		(
-			cd workbench &&
-			git update-ref refs/heads/main $B &&
-			git update-ref refs/heads/bar $A &&
-			test_must_fail git push --atomic --porcelain origin \
-				main \
-				bar \
-				:baz \
-				next
-		) >out &&
+	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
+	# git-push         : main(A)  NULL    (B)     baz(A)  next(A)
+	test_expect_success ".. git push --porcelain --atomic ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		test_when_finished "setup_upstream \"$upstream\"" &&
+		test_must_fail git -C workbench push --porcelain --atomic origin \
+			main \
+			:refs/heads/foo \
+			$B:bar \
+			baz \
+			next >out &&
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
 		format_and_save_expect <<-EOF &&
-		To <URL/of/upstream.git>
-		> =	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[up to date]
-		> !	refs/heads/bar:refs/heads/bar	[rejected] (non-fast-forward)
-		> !	(delete):refs/heads/baz	[rejected] (atomic push failed)
-		> !	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	[rejected] (atomic push failed)
-		Done
+		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
+		> =	refs/heads/baz:refs/heads/baz	[up to date]
+		> !	<COMMIT-B>:refs/heads/bar	[rejected] (atomic push failed)
+		> !	(delete):refs/heads/foo	[rejected] (atomic push failed)
+		> !	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	[rejected] (non-fast-forward)
+		> !	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[rejected] (atomic push failed)
+		> Done
 		EOF
 		test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 		git -C "$upstream" show-ref >out &&
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
 		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/bar
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/bar
 		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/baz
-		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/main
-		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/next
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/foo
+		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/main
 		EOF
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	'
 
-	test_expect_success "prepare pre-receive hook ($PROTOCOL)" '
-		test_hook --setup -C "$upstream" pre-receive <<-EOF
-		exit 1
+	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
+	# git-push         : main(A)  NULL    (B)     baz(A)  next(A)
+	test_expect_success ".. pre-receive hook declined ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		test_when_finished "rm -f \"$upstream/hooks/pre-receive\" &&
+			setup_upstream \"$upstream\"" &&
+		test_hook --setup -C "$upstream" pre-receive <<-EOF &&
+			exit 1
 		EOF
-	'
-
-	# Refs of upstream : main(A)  bar(B)  baz(A)  next(A)
-	# Refs of workbench: main(B)  bar(A)  baz(A)  next(A)
-	# git-push         : main(B)  bar(A)  NULL    next(A)
-	test_expect_success "pre-receive hook declined ($PROTOCOL)" '
-		(
-			cd workbench &&
-			git update-ref refs/heads/main $B &&
-			git update-ref refs/heads/bar $A &&
-			test_must_fail git push --porcelain --force origin \
-				main \
-				bar \
-				:baz \
-				next
-		) >out &&
+		test_must_fail git -C workbench push --porcelain --force origin \
+			main \
+			:refs/heads/foo \
+			$B:bar \
+			baz \
+			next >out &&
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
 		format_and_save_expect <<-EOF &&
-		To <URL/of/upstream.git>
-		> =	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[up to date]
-		> !	refs/heads/bar:refs/heads/bar	[remote rejected] (pre-receive hook declined)
-		> !	:refs/heads/baz	[remote rejected] (pre-receive hook declined)
+		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
+		> =	refs/heads/baz:refs/heads/baz	[up to date]
+		> !	<COMMIT-B>:refs/heads/bar	[remote rejected] (pre-receive hook declined)
+		> !	:refs/heads/foo	[remote rejected] (pre-receive hook declined)
 		> !	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	[remote rejected] (pre-receive hook declined)
-		Done
+		> !	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[remote rejected] (pre-receive hook declined)
+		> Done
 		EOF
 		test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 		git -C "$upstream" show-ref >out &&
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
 		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/bar
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/bar
 		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/baz
-		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/main
-		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/next
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/foo
+		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/main
 		EOF
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	'
 
-	test_expect_success "remove pre-receive hook ($PROTOCOL)" '
-		rm "$upstream/hooks/pre-receive"
-	'
-
-	# Refs of upstream : main(A)  bar(B)  baz(A)  next(A)
-	# Refs of workbench: main(B)  bar(A)  baz(A)  next(A)
-	# git-push         : main(B)  bar(A)  NULL    next(A)
-	test_expect_success "non-fastforward push ($PROTOCOL)" '
+	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
+	# git-push         : main(A)                          next(A)
+	test_expect_success ".. non-fastforward push ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		test_when_finished "setup_upstream \"$upstream\"" &&
 		(
 			cd workbench &&
 			test_must_fail git push --porcelain origin \
 				main \
-				bar \
-				:baz \
 				next
 		) >out &&
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
 		format_and_save_expect <<-EOF &&
-		To <URL/of/upstream.git>
-		> =	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[up to date]
-		> -	:refs/heads/baz	[deleted]
-		>  	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	<COMMIT-A>..<COMMIT-B>
-		> !	refs/heads/bar:refs/heads/bar	[rejected] (non-fast-forward)
-		Done
+		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
+		> *	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[new branch]
+		> !	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	[rejected] (non-fast-forward)
+		> Done
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		git -C "$upstream" show-ref >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/bar
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/baz
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/foo
+		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/main
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/next
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+
+	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
+	# git-push         : main(A)  NULL    (B)     baz(A)  next(A)
+	test_expect_success ".. git push --porcelain --atomic --force ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		git -C workbench push --porcelain --atomic --force origin \
+			main \
+			:refs/heads/foo \
+			$B:bar \
+			baz \
+			next >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		format_and_save_expect <<-\EOF &&
+		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
+		> =	refs/heads/baz:refs/heads/baz	[up to date]
+		>  	<COMMIT-B>:refs/heads/bar	<COMMIT-A>..<COMMIT-B>
+		> -	:refs/heads/foo	[deleted]
+		> +	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	<COMMIT-B>...<COMMIT-A> (forced update)
+		> *	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[new branch]
+		> Done
 		EOF
 		test_cmp expect actual &&
 
@@ -240,39 +328,180 @@ run_git_push_porcelain_output_test() {
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
 		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/bar
-		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/main
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/baz
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/main
 		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/next
 		EOF
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	'
 }
 
-# Initialize the upstream repository and local workbench.
-setup_upstream_and_workbench
+run_git_push_dry_run_porcelain_output_test() {
+	case $1 in
+	http)
+		PROTOCOL="HTTP protocol"
+		URL_PREFIX="http://.*"
+		;;
+	file)
+		PROTOCOL="builtin protocol"
+		URL_PREFIX=".*"
+		;;
+	esac
+
+	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
+	# git-push         : main(A)  NULL    (B)     baz(A)  next(A)
+	test_expect_success ".. git-push --porcelain --dry-run ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		test_must_fail git -C workbench push --porcelain --dry-run origin \
+			main \
+			:refs/heads/foo \
+			$B:bar \
+			baz \
+			next >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		format_and_save_expect <<-EOF &&
+		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
+		> =	refs/heads/baz:refs/heads/baz	[up to date]
+		>  	<COMMIT-B>:refs/heads/bar	<COMMIT-A>..<COMMIT-B>
+		> -	:refs/heads/foo	[deleted]
+		> *	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[new branch]
+		> !	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	[rejected] (non-fast-forward)
+		> Done
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		git -C "$upstream" show-ref >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/bar
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/baz
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/foo
+		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/main
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+
+	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
+	# push             : main(A)  NULL    (B)     baz(A)  next(A)
+	test_expect_success ".. git-push --porcelain --dry-run --force ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		git -C workbench push --porcelain --dry-run --force origin \
+			main \
+			:refs/heads/foo \
+			$B:bar \
+			baz \
+			next >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		format_and_save_expect <<-EOF &&
+		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
+		> =	refs/heads/baz:refs/heads/baz	[up to date]
+		>  	<COMMIT-B>:refs/heads/bar	<COMMIT-A>..<COMMIT-B>
+		> -	:refs/heads/foo	[deleted]
+		> +	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	<COMMIT-B>...<COMMIT-A> (forced update)
+		> *	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[new branch]
+		> Done
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		git -C "$upstream" show-ref >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/bar
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/baz
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/foo
+		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/main
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+
+	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
+	# git-push         : main(A)  NULL    (B)     baz(A)  next(A)
+	test_expect_success ".. git-push --porcelain --dry-run --atomic ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		test_must_fail git -C workbench push --porcelain --dry-run --atomic origin \
+			main \
+			:refs/heads/foo \
+			$B:bar \
+			baz \
+			next >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		format_and_save_expect <<-EOF &&
+		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
+		> =	refs/heads/baz:refs/heads/baz	[up to date]
+		> !	<COMMIT-B>:refs/heads/bar	[rejected] (atomic push failed)
+		> !	(delete):refs/heads/foo	[rejected] (atomic push failed)
+		> !	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	[rejected] (non-fast-forward)
+		> !	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[rejected] (atomic push failed)
+		> Done
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		git -C "$upstream" show-ref >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/bar
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/baz
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/foo
+		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/main
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+
+	# Refs of upstream : main(B)  foo(A)  bar(A)  baz(A)
+	# Refs of workbench: main(A)                  baz(A)  next(A)
+	# push             : main(A)  NULL    (B)     baz(A)  next(A)
+	test_expect_success ".. git-push --porcelain --dry-run --atomic --force ($PROTOCOL)" '
+		git -C workbench push --porcelain --dry-run --atomic --force origin \
+			main \
+			:refs/heads/foo \
+			$B:bar \
+			baz \
+			next >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		format_and_save_expect <<-EOF &&
+		> To <URL/of/upstream.git>
+		> =	refs/heads/baz:refs/heads/baz	[up to date]
+		>  	<COMMIT-B>:refs/heads/bar	<COMMIT-A>..<COMMIT-B>
+		> -	:refs/heads/foo	[deleted]
+		> +	refs/heads/main:refs/heads/main	<COMMIT-B>...<COMMIT-A> (forced update)
+		> *	refs/heads/next:refs/heads/next	[new branch]
+		> Done
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		git -C "$upstream" show-ref >out &&
+		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output <out >actual &&
+		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/bar
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/baz
+		<COMMIT-A> refs/heads/foo
+		<COMMIT-B> refs/heads/main
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+}
+
+setup_upstream_and_workbench upstream.git
 
-# Run git-push porcelain test on builtin protocol
 run_git_push_porcelain_output_test file
 
+setup_upstream_and_workbench upstream.git
+
+run_git_push_dry_run_porcelain_output_test file
+
 ROOT_PATH="$PWD"
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-gpg.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-terminal.sh
 start_httpd
-
-# Re-initialize the upstream repository and local workbench.
-setup_upstream_and_workbench
-
-test_expect_success "setup for http" '
-	git -C upstream.git config http.receivepack true &&
-	upstream="$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/upstream.git" &&
-	mv upstream.git "$upstream" &&
-
-	git -C workbench remote set-url origin $HTTPD_URL/smart/upstream.git
-'
-
 setup_askpass_helper
 
-# Run git-push porcelain test on HTTP protocol
+setup_upstream_and_workbench "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/upstream.git"
+
 run_git_push_porcelain_output_test http
 
+setup_upstream_and_workbench "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/upstream.git"
+
+run_git_push_dry_run_porcelain_output_test http
+
 test_done
diff --git a/transport.c b/transport.c
index d6851dc475..6c2801bcbd 100644
--- a/transport.c
+++ b/transport.c
@@ -935,6 +935,13 @@ static int git_transport_push(struct transport *transport, struct ref *remote_re
 	case protocol_v0:
 		ret = send_pack(the_repository, &args, data->fd, data->conn, remote_refs,
 				&data->extra_have);
+		/*
+		 * Ignore the specific error code to maintain consistent behavior
+		 * with the "push_refs()" function across different transports,
+		 * such as "push_refs_with_push()" for HTTP protocol.
+		 */
+		if (ret == ERROR_SEND_PACK_BAD_REF_STATUS)
+			ret = 0;
 		break;
 	case protocol_unknown_version:
 		BUG("unknown protocol version");
@@ -942,15 +949,7 @@ static int git_transport_push(struct transport *transport, struct ref *remote_re
 
 	close(data->fd[1]);
 	close(data->fd[0]);
-	/*
-	 * Atomic push may abort the connection early and close the pipe,
-	 * which may cause an error for `finish_connect()`. Ignore this error
-	 * for atomic git-push.
-	 */
-	if (ret || args.atomic)
-		finish_connect(data->conn);
-	else
-		ret = finish_connect(data->conn);
+	ret |= finish_connect(data->conn);
 	data->conn = NULL;
 	data->finished_handshake = 0;