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DRACUT.CMDLINE(7)
=================
:doctype: manpage
:man source: dracut
:man manual: dracut
NAME
----
dracut.cmdline - dracut kernel command line options
DESCRIPTION
-----------
The root device used by the kernel is specified in the boot configuration
file on the kernel command line, as always.
The traditional _root=/dev/sda1_ style device specification is allowed, but not
encouraged. The root device should better be identified by LABEL or UUID. If a
label is used, as in _root=LABEL=<label_of_root>_ the initramfs will search all
available devices for a filesystem with the appropriate label, and mount that
device as the root filesystem. _root=UUID=<uuidnumber>_ will mount the partition
with that UUID as the root filesystem.
In the following all kernel command line parameters, which are processed by
dracut, are described.
"rd.*" parameters mentioned without "=" are boolean parameters. They can be
turned on/off by setting them to {0|1}. If the assignment with "=" is missing
"=1" is implied. For example _rd.info_ can be turned off with _rd.info=0_ or
turned on with _rd.info=1_ or _rd.info_. The last value in the kernel command
line is the value, which is honored.
Standard
~~~~~~~~
**init=**__<path to real init>__::
specify the path to the init programm to be started after the initramfs has
finished
**root=**__<path to blockdevice>__::
specify the block device to use as the root filesystem.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
root=/dev/sda1
root=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1
root=/dev/disk/by-label/Root
root=LABEL=Root
root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
root=UUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
root=PARTUUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
--
**rootfstype=**__<filesystem type>__:: "auto" if not specified.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
rootfstype=ext3
--
**rootflags=**__<mount options>__::
specify additional mount options for the root filesystem. If not set,
_/etc/fstab_ of the real root will be parsed for special mount options and
mounted accordingly.
**ro**::
force mounting _/_ and _/usr_ (if it is a separate device) read-only. If
none of ro and rw is present, both are mounted according to _/etc/fstab_.
**rw**::
force mounting _/_ and _/usr_ (if it is a separate device) read-write.
See also ro option.
**rootfallback=**__<path to blockdevice>__::
specify the block device to use as the root filesystem, if the normal root
cannot be found. This can only be a simple block device with a simple file
system, for which the filesystem driver is either compiled in, or added
manually to the initramfs. This parameter can be specified multiple times.
**rd.auto** **rd.auto=1**::
enable autoassembly of special devices like cryptoLUKS, dmraid, mdraid or
lvm. Default is off as of dracut version >= 024.
**rd.hostonly=0**::
removes all compiled in configuration of the host system the initramfs image
was built on. This helps booting, if any disk layout changed, especially in
combination with rd.auto or other parameters specifying the layout.
**rd.cmdline=ask**::
prompts the user for additional kernel command line parameters
**rd.fstab=0**::
do not honor special mount options for the root filesystem found in
_/etc/fstab_ of the real root.
**resume=**__<path to resume partition>__::
resume from a swap partition
+
[listing]
.Example
--
resume=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1
resume=/dev/disk/by-uuid/3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
resume=UUID=3f5ad593-4546-4a94-a374-bcfb68aa11f7
--
**rd.skipfsck**::
skip fsck for rootfs and _/usr_. If you're mounting _/usr_ read-only and
the init system performs fsck before remount, you might want to use this
option to avoid duplication.
iso-scan/filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Using iso-scan/filename with a Fedora/Red Hat/CentOS Live iso should just work
by copying the original kernel cmdline parameters.
[listing]
.Example
--
menuentry 'Live Fedora 20' --class fedora --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
set isolabel=Fedora-Live-LXDE-x86_64-20-1
set isofile="/boot/iso/Fedora-Live-LXDE-x86_64-20-1.iso"
loopback loop $isofile
linux (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz0 boot=isolinux iso-scan/filename=$isofile root=live:LABEL=$isolabel ro rd.live.image quiet rhgb
initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd0.img
}
--
Misc
~~~~
**rd.driver.blacklist=**__<drivername>__[,__<drivername>__,...]::
do not load kernel module <drivername>. This parameter can be specified
multiple times.
**rd.driver.pre=**__<drivername>__[,__<drivername>__,...]::
force loading kernel module <drivername>. This parameter can be specified
multiple times.
**rd.driver.post=**__<drivername>__[,__<drivername>__,...]::
force loading kernel module <drivername> after all automatic loading modules
have been loaded. This parameter can be specified multiple times.
**rd.retry=**__<seconds>__::
specify how long dracut should retry the initqueue to configure devices.
The default is 30 seconds. After 2/3 of the time, degraded raids are force
started. If you have hardware, which takes a very long time to announce its
drives, you might want to extend this value.
**rd.timeout=**__<seconds>__::
specify how long dracut should wait for devices to appear. The
default is '0', which means 'forever'. Note that this timeout
should be longer than rd.retry to allow for proper configuration.
**rd.noverifyssl**::
accept self-signed certificates for ssl downloads.
**rd.ctty=**__<terminal device>__::
specify the controlling terminal for the console.
This is useful, if you have multiple "console=" arguments.
[[dracutkerneldebug]]
Debug
~~~~~
If you are dropped to an emergency shell, the file
_/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt_ is created, which can be saved to a (to be
mounted by hand) partition (usually /boot) or a USB stick. Additional debugging
info can be produced by adding **rd.debug** to the kernel command line.
_/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt_ contains all logs and the output of some tools.
It should be attached to any report about dracut problems.
**rd.info**::
print informational output though "quiet" is set
**rd.shell**::
allow dropping to a shell, if root mounting fails
**rd.debug**::
set -x for the dracut shell.
If systemd is active in the initramfs, all output is logged to the systemd
journal, which you can inspect with "journalctl -ab".
If systemd is not active, the logs are written to dmesg and
_/run/initramfs/init.log_.
If "quiet" is set, it also logs to the console.
**rd.memdebug=[0-3]**::
Print memory usage info at various points, set the verbose level from 0 to 3.
+
Higher level means more debugging output:
+
----
0 - no output
1 - partial /proc/meminfo
2 - /proc/meminfo
3 - /proc/meminfo + /proc/slabinfo
----
**rd.break**::
drop to a shell at the end
**rd.break=**__{cmdline|pre-udev|pre-trigger|initqueue|pre-mount|mount|pre-pivot|cleanup}__::
drop to a shell on defined breakpoint
**rd.udev.info**::
set udev to loglevel info
**rd.udev.debug**::
set udev to loglevel debug
I18N
~~~~
**rd.vconsole.keymap=**__<keymap base file name>__::
keyboard translation table loaded by loadkeys; taken from keymaps directory;
will be written as KEYMAP to _/etc/vconsole.conf_ in the initramfs.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
rd.vconsole.keymap=de-latin1-nodeadkeys
--
**rd.vconsole.keymap.ext=**__<list of keymap base file names>__::
list of extra keymaps to bo loaded (sep. by space); will be written as
EXT_KEYMAP to _/etc/vconsole.conf_ in the initramfs
**rd.vconsole.unicode**::
boolean, indicating UTF-8 mode; will be written as UNICODE to
_/etc/vconsole.conf_ in the initramfs
**rd.vconsole.font=**__<font base file name>__::
console font; taken from consolefonts directory; will be written as FONT to
_/etc/vconsole.conf_ in the initramfs.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
rd.vconsole.font=LatArCyrHeb-16
--
**rd.vconsole.font.map=**__<console map base file name>__::
see description of '-m' parameter in setfont manual; taken from consoletrans
directory; will be written as FONT_MAP to _/etc/vconsole.conf_ in the
initramfs
**rd.vconsole.font.unimap=**__<unicode table base file name>__::
see description of '-u' parameter in setfont manual; taken from unimaps
directory; will be written as FONT_UNIMAP to _/etc/vconsole.conf_ in the
initramfs
**rd.locale.LANG=**__<locale>__::
taken from the environment; if no UNICODE is defined we set its value in
basis of LANG value (whether it ends with ".utf8" (or similar) or not); will
be written as LANG to _/etc/locale.conf_ in the initramfs.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
rd.locale.LANG=pl_PL.utf8
--
**rd.locale.LC_ALL=**__<locale>__::
taken from the environment; will be written as LC_ALL to _/etc/locale.conf_
in the initramfs
LVM
~~~
**rd.lvm=0**::
disable LVM detection
**rd.lvm.vg=**__<volume group name>__::
only activate the volume groups with the given name. rd.lvm.vg can be
specified multiple times on the kernel command line.
**rd.lvm.lv=**__<logical volume name>__::
only activate the logical volumes with the given name. rd.lvm.lv can be
specified multiple times on the kernel command line.
**rd.lvm.conf=0**::
remove any _/etc/lvm/lvm.conf_, which may exist in the initramfs
crypto LUKS
~~~~~~~~~~~
**rd.luks=0**::
disable crypto LUKS detection
**rd.luks.uuid=**__<luks uuid>__::
only activate the LUKS partitions with the given UUID. Any "luks-" of the
LUKS UUID is removed before comparing to _<luks uuid>_.
The comparisons also matches, if _<luks uuid>_ is only the beginning of the
LUKS UUID, so you don't have to specify the full UUID.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
**rd.luks.allow-discards=**__<luks uuid>__::
Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests for LUKS partitions with the given
UUID. Any "luks-" of the LUKS UUID is removed before comparing to
_<luks uuid>_. The comparisons also matches, if _<luks uuid>_ is only the
beginning of the LUKS UUID, so you don't have to specify the full UUID.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
**rd.luks.allow-discards**::
Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests on all LUKS partitions.
**rd.luks.crypttab=0**::
do not check, if LUKS partition is in _/etc/crypttab_
crypto LUKS - key on removable device support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
**rd.luks.key=**__<keypath>__:__<keydev>__:__<luksdev>__::
_keypath_ is a path to key file to look for. It's REQUIRED. When _keypath_
ends with '.gpg' it's considered to be key encrypted symmetrically with GPG.
You will be prompted for password on boot. GPG support comes with
'crypt-gpg' module which needs to be added explicitly.
+
_keydev_ is a device on which key file resides. It might be kernel name of
devices (should start with "/dev/"), UUID (prefixed with "UUID=") or label
(prefix with "LABEL="). You don't have to specify full UUID. Just its beginning
will suffice, even if its ambiguous. All matching devices will be probed.
This parameter is recommended, but not required. If not present, all block
devices will be probed, which may significantly increase boot time.
+
If _luksdev_ is given, the specified key will only be applied for that LUKS
device. Possible values are the same as for _keydev_. Unless you have several
LUKS devices, you don't have to specify this parameter. The simplest usage is:
+
[listing]
.Example
--
rd.luks.key=/foo/bar.key
--
+
As you see, you can skip colons in such a case.
+
[NOTE]
===============================
dracut pipes key to cryptsetup with _-d -_ argument, therefore you need to pipe
to crypsetup luksFormat with _-d -_, too!
Here follows example for key encrypted with GPG:
[listing]
--
gpg --quiet --decrypt rootkey.gpg | \
cryptsetup -d - -v --cipher serpent-cbc-essiv:sha256 \
--key-size 256 luksFormat /dev/sda3
--
If you use plain keys, just add path to _-d_ option:
[listing]
--
cryptsetup -d rootkey.key -v --cipher serpent-cbc-essiv:sha256 \
--key-size 256 luksFormat /dev/sda3
--
===============================
MD RAID
~~~~~~~
**rd.md=0**::
disable MD RAID detection
**rd.md.imsm=0**::
disable MD RAID for imsm/isw raids, use DM RAID instead
**rd.md.ddf=0**::
disable MD RAID for SNIA ddf raids, use DM RAID instead
**rd.md.conf=0**::
ignore mdadm.conf included in initramfs
**rd.md.waitclean=1**::
wait for any resync, recovery, or reshape activity to finish before
continuing
**rd.md.uuid=**__<md raid uuid>__::
only activate the raid sets with the given UUID. This parameter can be
specified multiple times.
DM RAID
~~~~~~~
**rd.dm=0**::
disable DM RAID detection
**rd.dm.uuid=**__<dm raid uuid>__::
only activate the raid sets with the given UUID. This parameter can be
specified multiple times.
MULTIPATH
~~~~~~~~~
**rd.multipath=0**::
disable multipath detection
FIPS
~~~~
**rd.fips**::
enable FIPS
**boot=**__<boot device>__::
specify the device, where /boot is located.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
boot=/dev/sda1
boot=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.1-scsi-0:0:1:0-part1
boot=UUID=<uuid>
boot=LABEL=<label>
--
**rd.fips.skipkernel**::
skip checksum check of the kernel image. Useful, if the kernel image is not
in a separate boot partition.
Network
~~~~~~~
[IMPORTANT]
=====================
It is recommended to either bind an interface to a MAC with the **ifname**
argument, or to use the systemd-udevd predictable network interface names.
Predictable network interface device names based on:
- firmware/bios-provided index numbers for on-board devices
- firmware-provided pci-express hotplug slot index number
- physical/geographical location of the hardware
- the interface's MAC address
See:
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames
Two character prefixes based on the type of interface:
en:: ethernet
wl:: wlan
ww:: wwan
Type of names:
o<index>:: on-board device index number
s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_id>]:: hotplug slot index number
x<MAC>:: MAC address
[P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_id>]:: PCI geographical location
[P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][u<port>][..][c<config>][i<interface>]:: USB port number chain
All multi-function PCI devices will carry the [f<function>] number in the
device name, including the function 0 device.
When using PCI geography, The PCI domain is only prepended when it is not 0.
For USB devices the full chain of port numbers of hubs is composed. If the
name gets longer than the maximum number of 15 characters, the name is not
exported.
The usual USB configuration == 1 and interface == 0 values are suppressed.
PCI ethernet card with firmware index "1"::
* eno1
PCI ethernet card in hotplug slot with firmware index number::
* ens1
PCI ethernet multi-function card with 2 ports::
* enp2s0f0
* enp2s0f1
PCI wlan card::
* wlp3s0
USB built-in 3G modem::
* wwp0s29u1u4i6
USB Android phone::
* enp0s29u1u2
=====================
**ip=**__{dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6}__::
dhcp|on|any::: get ip from dhcp server from all interfaces. If root=dhcp,
loop sequentially through all interfaces (eth0, eth1, ...) and use the first
with a valid DHCP root-path.
auto6::: IPv6 autoconfiguration
dhcp6::: IPv6 DHCP
**ip=**__<interface>__:__{dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6}__[:[__<mtu>__][:__<macaddr>__]]::
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
+
=====================
dhcp|on|any|dhcp6::: get ip from dhcp server on a specific interface
auto6::: do IPv6 autoconfiguration
<macaddr>::: optionally **set** <macaddr> on the <interface>. This
cannot be used in conjunction with the **ifname** argument for the
same <interface>.
=====================
**ip=**__<client-IP>__:[__<peer>__]:__<gateway-IP>__:__<netmask>__:__<client_hostname>__:__<interface>__:__{none|off|dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|ibft}__:[:[__<mtu>__][:__<macaddr>__]]::
explicit network configuration. If you want do define a IPv6 address, put it
in brackets (e.g. [2001:DB8::1]). This parameter can be specified multiple
times. __<peer>__ is optional and is the address of the remote endpoint
for pointopoint interfaces and it may be followed by a slash and a decimal
number, encoding the network prefix length.
+
=====================
<macaddr>::: optionally **set** <macaddr> on the <interface>. This
cannot be used in conjunction with the **ifname** argument for the
same <interface>.
=====================
**ip=**__<client-IP>__:[__<peer>__]:__<gateway-IP>__:__<netmask>__:__<client_hostname>__:__<interface>__:__{none|off|dhcp|on|any|dhcp6|auto6|ibft}__[:[__<dns1>__][:__<dns2>__]]::
explicit network configuration. If you want do define a IPv6 address, put it
in brackets (e.g. [2001:DB8::1]). This parameter can be specified multiple
times. __<peer>__ is optional and is the address of the remote endpoint
for pointopoint interfaces and it may be followed by a slash and a decimal
number, encoding the network prefix length.
**ifname=**__<interface>__:__<MAC>__::
Assign network device name <interface> (ie "bootnet") to the NIC with
MAC <MAC>.
+
WARNING: Do **not** use the default kernel naming scheme for the interface name,
as it can conflict with the kernel names. So, don't use "eth[0-9]+" for the
interface name. Better name it "bootnet" or "bluesocket".
**rd.route=**__<net>__/__<netmask>__:__<gateway>__[:__<interface>__]::
Add a static route with route options, which are separated by a colon.
IPv6 addresses have to be put in brackets.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
rd.route=192.168.200.0/24:192.168.100.222:ens10
rd.route=192.168.200.0/24:192.168.100.222
rd.route=192.168.200.0/24::ens10
rd.route=[2001:DB8:3::/8]:[2001:DB8:2::1]:ens10
--
**bootdev=**__<interface>__::
specify network interface to use routing and netroot information from.
Required if multiple ip= lines are used.
**BOOTIF=**__<MAC>__::
specify network interface to use routing and netroot information from.
**rd.bootif=0**::
Disable BOOTIF parsing, which is provided by PXE
**nameserver=**__<IP>__ [**nameserver=**__<IP>__ ...]::
specify nameserver(s) to use
**biosdevname=0**::
boolean, turn off biosdevname network interface renaming
**rd.neednet=1**::
boolean, bring up network even without netroot set
**vlan=**__<vlanname>__:__<phydevice>__::
Setup vlan device named <vlanname> on <phydeivce>.
We support the four styles of vlan names: VLAN_PLUS_VID (vlan0005),
VLAN_PLUS_VID_NO_PAD (vlan5), DEV_PLUS_VID (eth0.0005),
DEV_PLUS_VID_NO_PAD (eth0.5)
**bond=**__<bondname>__[:__<bondslaves>__:[:__<options>__]]::
Setup bonding device <bondname> on top of <bondslaves>.
<bondslaves> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces.
<options> is a comma-separated list on bonding options (modinfo bonding for
details) in format compatible with initscripts. If <options> includes
multi-valued arp_ip_target option, then its values should be separated by
semicolon. Bond without parameters assumes
bond=bond0:eth0,eth1:mode=balance-rr
**team=**__<teammaster>__:__<teamslaves>__::
Setup team device <teammaster> on top of <teamslaves>.
<teamslaves> is a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces.
**bridge=**__<bridgename>__:__<ethnames>__::
Setup bridge <bridgename> with <ethnames>. <ethnames> is a comma-separated
list of physical (ethernet) interfaces. Bridge without parameters assumes
bridge=br0:eth0
NFS
~~~
**root=**\[_<server-ip>_:]__<root-dir>__[:__<nfs-options>__]::
mount nfs share from <server-ip>:/<root-dir>, if no server-ip is given, use
dhcp next_server. If server-ip is an IPv6 address it has to be put in
brackets, e.g. [2001:DB8::1]. NFS options can be appended with the prefix
":" or "," and are seperated by ",".
**root=**nfs:\[_<server-ip>_:]__<root-dir>__[:__<nfs-options>__], **root=**nfs4:\[_<server-ip>_:]__<root-dir>__[:__<nfs-options>__], **root=**__{dhcp|dhcp6}__::
root=dhcp alone directs initrd to look at the DHCP root-path where NFS
options can be specified.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
root-path=<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
root-path=nfs:<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
root-path=nfs4:<server-ip>:<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
--
**root=**_/dev/nfs_ nfsroot=\[_<server-ip>_:]__<root-dir>__[:__<nfs-options>__]::
_Deprecated!_ kernel Documentation_/filesystems/nfsroot.txt_ defines this
method. This is supported by dracut, but not recommended.
**rd.nfs.domain=**__<NFSv4 domain name>__::
Set the NFSv4 domain name. Will overwrite the settings in _/etc/idmap.conf_.
CIFS
~~~
**root=**cifs://[__<username>__[:__<password>__]@]__<server-ip>__:__<root-dir>__::
mount cifs share from <server-ip>:/<root-dir>, if no server-ip is given, use
dhcp next_server. if server-ip is an IPv6 address it has to be put in
brackets, e.g. [2001:DB8::1]. If a username or password are not specified
as part of the root, then they must be passed on the command line through
cifsuser/cifspass.
+
WARNING: Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file _/proc/cmdline_ and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.
**cifsuser**=__<username>__::
Set the cifs username, if not specified as part of the root.
**cifspass**=__<password>__::
Set the cifs password, if not specified as part of the root.
+
WARNING: Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file _/proc/cmdline_ and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.
iSCSI
~~~~~
**root=**iscsi:[__<username>__:__<password>__[:__<reverse>__:__<password>__]@][__<servername>__]:[__<protocol>__]:[__<port>__][:[__<iscsi_iface_name>__]:[__<netdev_name>__]]:[__<LUN>__]:__<targetname>__::
protocol defaults to "6", LUN defaults to "0". If the "servername" field is
provided by BOOTP or DHCP, then that field is used in conjunction with other
associated fields to contact the boot server in the Boot stage. However, if
the "servername" field is not provided, then the "targetname" field is then
used in the Discovery Service stage in conjunction with other associated
fields. See
link:$$http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4173#section-5$$[rfc4173].
+
WARNING: Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file _/proc/cmdline_ and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
root=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0
--
+
If servername is an IPv6 address, it has to be put in brackets:
+
[listing]
.Example
--
root=iscsi:[2001:DB8::1]::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0
--
**root=**__???__ **netroot=**iscsi:[__<username>__:__<password>__[:__<reverse>__:__<password>__]@][__<servername>__]:[__<protocol>__]:[__<port>__][:[__<iscsi_iface_name>__]:[__<netdev_name>__]]:[__<LUN>__]:__<targetname>__ ...::
multiple netroot options allow setting up multiple iscsi disks:
+
[listing]
.Example
--
root=UUID=12424547
netroot=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0
netroot=iscsi:192.168.50.1::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target1
--
+
If servername is an IPv6 address, it has to be put in brackets:
+
[listing]
.Example
--
netroot=iscsi:[2001:DB8::1]::::iqn.2009-06.dracut:target0
--
+
WARNING: Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file _/proc/cmdline_ and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.
You may want to use rd.iscsi.firmware.
**root=**__???__ **rd.iscsi.initiator=**__<initiator>__ **rd.iscsi.target.name=**__<target name>__ **rd.iscsi.target.ip=**__<target ip>__ **rd.iscsi.target.port=**__<target port>__ **rd.iscsi.target.group=**__<target group>__ **rd.iscsi.username=**__<username>__ **rd.iscsi.password=**__<password>__ **rd.iscsi.in.username=**__<in username>__ **rd.iscsi.in.password=**__<in password>__::
manually specify all iscsistart parameter (see **+iscsistart --help+**)
+
WARNING: Passwords specified on the kernel command line are visible for all
users via the file _/proc/cmdline_ and via dmesg or can be sniffed on the
network, when using DHCP with DHCP root-path.
You may want to use rd.iscsi.firmware.
**root=**_???_ **netroot=**iscsi **rd.iscsi.firmware=1**::
will read the iscsi parameter from the BIOS firmware
**rd.iscsi.param=**__<param>__::
<param> will be passed as "--param <param>" to iscsistart.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
"netroot=iscsi rd.iscsi.firmware=1 rd.iscsi.param=node.session.timeo.replacement_timeout=30"
--
+
will result in
+
[listing]
--
iscsistart -b --param node.session.timeo.replacement_timeout=30
--
**rd.iscsi.ibft** **rd.iscsi.ibft=1**:
Turn on iBFT autoconfiguration for the interfaces
FCoE
~~~~
**fcoe=**__<edd|interface|MAC>__:__{dcb|nodcb}__::
Try to connect to a FCoE SAN through the NIC specified by _<interface>_ or
_<MAC>_ or EDD settings. For the second argument, currently only nodcb is
supported. This parameter can be specified multiple times.
+
NOTE: letters in the MAC-address must be lowercase!
NBD
~~~
**root=**??? **netroot=**nbd:__<server>__:__<port>__[:__<fstype>__[:__<mountopts>__[:__<nbdopts>__]]]::
mount nbd share from <server>
**root=dhcp** with **dhcp** **root-path=**nbd:__<server>__:__<port>__[:__<fstype>__[:__<mountopts>__[:__<nbdopts>__]]]::
root=dhcp alone directs initrd to look at the DHCP root-path where NBD
options can be specified. This syntax is only usable in cases where you are
directly mounting the volume as the rootfs.
DASD
~~~~
**rd.dasd=**....::
same syntax as the kernel module parameter (s390 only)
ZFCP
~~~~
**rd.zfcp=**__<zfcp adaptor device bus ID>__,__<WWPN>__,__<FCPLUN>__::
rd.zfcp can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
rd.zfcp=0.0.4000,0x5005076300C213e9,0x5022000000000000
--
**rd.zfcp.conf=0**::
ignore zfcp.conf included in the initramfs
ZNET
~~~~
**rd.znet=**__<nettype>__,__<subchannels>__,__<options>__::
rd.znet can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
rd.znet=qeth,0.0.0600,0.0.0601,0.0.0602,layer2=1,portname=foo
rd.znet=ctc,0.0.0600,0.0.0601,protocol=bar
--
Booting live images
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dracut offers multiple options for live booted images:
=====================
squashfs with read-only filesystem image::: The system will boot with a read
only filesystem from the squashfs and apply a writable device mapper snapshot
over the read only filesystem. Using this method ensures a relatively fast
boot and lower RAM usage. Users **must be careful** to avoid writing too many
blocks to the snapshot volume. Once the blocks of the snapshot are exhaused,
the live filesystem becomes unusable and requires a reboot.
+
The filesystem structure is expected to be:
+
[listing]
--
squashfs.img | Squashfs downloaded via network
!(mount)
/LiveOS
|- ext3fs.img | Filesystem image to mount read-only
!(mount)
/bin | Live filesystem
/boot |
/dev |
... |
--
+
Dracut uses this method of live booting by default. No additional command line
options are required other than **root=live:<URL>** to specify the location
of your squashed filesystem.
+
writable filesystem image::: The system will retrieve a compressed filesystem
image, connect it to a loopback device, and mount it as a writable volume. More
RAM is required during boot but the live filesystem is easier to manage if it
becomes full. Users can make a filesystem image of any size and that size will
be maintained when the system boots.
+
The filesystem structure is expected to be:
+
[listing]
--
rootfs.tgz | Compressed tarball containing fileystem image
!(unpack)
/rootfs.img | Filesystem image
!(mount)
/bin | Live filesystem
/boot |
/dev |
... |
--
+
To use this boot option, ensure that **rd.writable_fsimg=1** is in your kernel
command line and add the **root=live:<URL>** to specify the location
of your compressed filesystem image tarball.
=====================
**root=**live:__<url>__::
Boots a live image retrieved from __<url>__. Valid handlers: __http, https, ftp, torrent, tftp__.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
root=live:http://example.com/liveboot.img
root=live:ftp://ftp.example.com/liveboot.img
root=live:torrent://example.com/liveboot.img.torrent
--
**rd.live.debug=**1::
Enables debug output from the live boot process.
**rd.live.dir=**__<path>__::
Specifies the directory within the squashfs where the ext3fs.img or rootfs.img
can be found. By default, this is __LiveOS__.
**rd.live.ram=**1::
Copy the complete image to RAM and use this for booting. This is useful
when the image resides on i.e. a DVD which needs to be ejected later on.
**rd.live.overlay.thin=**1::
Enables the usage of thin snapshots instead of classic dm snapshots.
The advantage of thin snapshots is, that they support discards, and will free
blocks which are not claimed by the filesystem. In this use case this means,
that memory is given back to the kernel, when the filesystem does not claim it
anymore.
**rd.writable.fsimg=**1::
Enables writable filesystem support. The system will boot with a fully
writable filesystem without snapshots __(see notes above about available live boot options)__.
You can use the **rootflags** option to set mount options for the live
filesystem as well __(see documentation about rootflags in the **Standard** section above)__.
This implies that the whole image is copied to RAM before the boot continues.
+
NOTE: There must be enough free RAM available to hold the complete image.
+
This method is very suitable for diskless boots.
Plymouth Boot Splash
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
**plymouth.enable=0**::
disable the plymouth bootsplash completely.
**rd.plymouth=0**::
disable the plymouth bootsplash only for the initramfs.
Kernel keys
~~~~~~~~~~~
**masterkey=**__<kernel master key path name>__::
Set the path name of the kernel master key.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
masterkey=/etc/keys/kmk-trusted.blob
--
**masterkeytype=**__<kernel master key type>__::
Set the type of the kernel master key.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
masterkeytype=trusted
--
**evmkey=**__<EVM key path name>__::
Set the path name of the EVM key.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
evmkey=/etc/keys/evm-trusted.blob
--
**ecryptfskey=**__<eCryptfs key path name>__::
Set the path name of the eCryptfs key.
+
[listing]
.Example
--
ecryptfskey=/etc/keys/ecryptfs-trusted.blob
--
Deprecated, renamed Options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Here is a list of options, which were used in dracut prior to version 008, and
their new replacement.
rdbreak:: rd.break
rd_CCW:: rd.ccw
rd_DASD_MOD:: rd.dasd
rd_DASD:: rd.dasd
rdinitdebug rdnetdebug:: rd.debug
rd_NO_DM:: rd.dm=0
rd_DM_UUID:: rd.dm.uuid
rdblacklist:: rd.driver.blacklist
rdinsmodpost:: rd.driver.post
rdloaddriver:: rd.driver.pre
rd_NO_FSTAB:: rd.fstab=0
rdinfo:: rd.info
check:: rd.live.check
rdlivedebug:: rd.live.debug
live_dir:: rd.live.dir
liveimg:: rd.live.image
overlay:: rd.live.overlay
readonly_overlay:: rd.live.overlay.readonly
reset_overlay:: rd.live.overlay.reset
live_ram:: rd.live.ram
rd_NO_CRYPTTAB:: rd.luks.crypttab=0
rd_LUKS_KEYDEV_UUID:: rd.luks.keydev.uuid
rd_LUKS_KEYPATH:: rd.luks.keypath
rd_NO_LUKS:: rd.luks=0
rd_LUKS_UUID:: rd.luks.uuid
rd_NO_LVMCONF:: rd.lvm.conf
rd_LVM_LV:: rd.lvm.lv
rd_NO_LVM:: rd.lvm=0
rd_LVM_SNAPSHOT:: rd.lvm.snapshot
rd_LVM_SNAPSIZE:: rd.lvm.snapsize
rd_LVM_VG:: rd.lvm.vg
rd_NO_MDADMCONF:: rd.md.conf=0
rd_NO_MDIMSM:: rd.md.imsm=0
rd_NO_MD:: rd.md=0
rd_MD_UUID:: rd.md.uuid
rd_NO_MULTIPATH: rd.multipath=0
rd_NFS_DOMAIN:: rd.nfs.domain
iscsi_initiator:: rd.iscsi.initiator
iscsi_target_name:: rd.iscsi.target.name
iscsi_target_ip:: rd.iscsi.target.ip
iscsi_target_port:: rd.iscsi.target.port
iscsi_target_group:: rd.iscsi.target.group
iscsi_username:: rd.iscsi.username
iscsi_password:: rd.iscsi.password
iscsi_in_username:: rd.iscsi.in.username
iscsi_in_password:: rd.iscsi.in.password
iscsi_firmware:: rd.iscsi.firmware=0
rd_NO_PLYMOUTH:: rd.plymouth=0
rd_retry:: rd.retry
rdshell:: rd.shell
rd_NO_SPLASH:: rd.splash
rdudevdebug:: rd.udev.debug
rdudevinfo:: rd.udev.info
rd_NO_ZFCPCONF:: rd.zfcp.conf=0
rd_ZFCP:: rd.zfcp
rd_ZNET:: rd.znet
KEYMAP:: vconsole.keymap
KEYTABLE:: vconsole.keymap
SYSFONT:: vconsole.font
CONTRANS:: vconsole.font.map
UNIMAP:: vconsole.font.unimap
UNICODE:: vconsole.unicode
EXT_KEYMAP:: vconsole.keymap.ext
Configuration in the Initramfs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_/etc/conf.d/_::
Any files found in _/etc/conf.d/_ will be sourced in the initramfs to
set initial values. Command line options will override these values
set in the configuration files.
_/etc/cmdline_::
Can contain additional command line options. Deprecated, better use
/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf.
_/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf_::
Can contain additional command line options.
AUTHOR
------
Harald Hoyer
SEE ALSO
--------
*dracut*(8) *dracut.conf*(5)
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