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DRACUT(8) |
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========= |
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:doctype: manpage |
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:man source: dracut |
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:man manual: dracut |
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:man version: {version} |
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NAME |
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---- |
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dracut - low-level tool for generating an initramfs/initrd image |
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SYNOPSIS |
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-------- |
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*dracut* [__OPTION...__] [__<image>__ [__<kernel version>__]] |
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DESCRIPTION |
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----------- |
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Create an initramfs <image> for the kernel with the version <kernel version>. |
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If <kernel version> is omitted, then the version of the actual running |
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kernel is used. If <image> is omitted or empty, then the default location |
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/boot/initramfs-<kernel version>.img is used. |
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dracut creates an initial image used by the kernel for preloading the block |
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device modules (such as IDE, SCSI or RAID) which are needed to access the root |
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filesystem, mounting the root filesystem and booting into the real system. |
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At boot time, the kernel unpacks that archive into RAM disk, mounts and uses it |
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as initial root file system. All finding of the root device happens in this |
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early userspace. |
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Initramfs images are also called "initrd". |
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For a complete list of kernel command line options see *dracut.cmdline*(7). |
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If you are dropped to an emergency shell, while booting your initramfs, |
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the file _/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt_ is created, which can be saved to a |
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(to be mounted by hand) partition (usually /boot) or a USB stick. |
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Additional debugging info can be produced by adding **rd.debug** to the kernel |
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command line. _/run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt_ contains all logs and the output |
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of some tools. It should be attached to any report about dracut problems. |
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USAGE |
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----- |
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include::dracut.usage.asc[] |
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OPTIONS |
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------- |
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**--kver** _<kernel version>_:: |
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set the kernel version. This enables to specify the kernel version, without |
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specifying the location of the initramfs image. For example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --kver 3.5.0-0.rc7.git1.2.fc18.x86_64 |
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---- |
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**-f, --force**:: |
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overwrite existing initramfs file. |
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**-a, --add** _<list of dracut modules>_:: |
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add a space-separated list of dracut modules to the default set of modules. |
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This parameter can be specified multiple times. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --add "module1 module2" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**--force-add** _<list of dracut modules>_:: |
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force to add a space-separated list of dracut modules to the default set of |
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modules, when -H is specified. This parameter can be specified multiple |
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times. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --force-add "module1 module2" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**-o, --omit** _<list of dracut modules>_:: |
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omit a space-separated list of dracut modules. This parameter can be |
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specified multiple times. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --omit "module1 module2" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**-m, --modules** _<list of dracut modules>_:: |
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specify a space-separated list of dracut modules to call when building the |
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initramfs. Modules are located in _/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d_. This |
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parameter can be specified multiple times. |
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This option forces dracut to only include the specified dracut modules. |
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In most cases the "--add" option is what you want to use. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --modules "module1 module2" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**-d, --drivers** _<list of kernel modules>_:: |
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specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to exclusively include |
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in the initramfs. The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" |
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suffix. This parameter can be specified multiple times. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**--add-drivers** _<list of kernel modules>_:: |
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specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to add to the initramfs. |
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The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. This |
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parameter can be specified multiple times. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --add-drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**--force-drivers** _<list of kernel modules>_:: |
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See add-drivers above. But in this case it is ensured that the drivers |
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are tried to be loaded early via modprobe. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --force-drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**--omit-drivers** _<list of kernel modules>_:: |
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specify a space-separated list of kernel modules not to add to the |
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initramfs. |
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The kernel modules have to be specified without the ".ko" suffix. This |
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parameter can be specified multiple times. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --omit-drivers "kmodule1 kmodule2" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**--filesystems** _<list of filesystems>_:: |
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specify a space-separated list of kernel filesystem modules to exclusively |
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include in the generic initramfs. This parameter can be specified multiple |
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times. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --filesystems "filesystem1 filesystem2" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**-k, --kmoddir** _<kernel directory>_:: |
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specify the directory, where to look for kernel modules |
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**--fwdir** _<dir>[:<dir>...]++_:: |
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specify additional directories, where to look for firmwares. This parameter |
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can be specified multiple times. |
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**--kernel-cmdline <parameters>**:: |
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specify default kernel command line parameters |
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**--kernel-only**:: |
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only install kernel drivers and firmware files |
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**--no-kernel**:: |
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do not install kernel drivers and firmware files |
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**--early-microcode**:: |
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Combine early microcode with ramdisk |
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**--no-early-microcode**:: |
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Do not combine early microcode with ramdisk |
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**--print-cmdline**:: |
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print the kernel command line for the current disk layout |
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**--mdadmconf**:: |
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include local _/etc/mdadm.conf_ |
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**--nomdadmconf**:: |
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do not include local _/etc/mdadm.conf_ |
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**--lvmconf**:: |
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include local _/etc/lvm/lvm.conf_ |
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**--nolvmconf**:: |
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do not include local _/etc/lvm/lvm.conf_ |
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**--fscks** [LIST]:: |
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add a space-separated list of fsck tools, in addition to _dracut.conf_'s |
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specification; the installation is opportunistic (non-existing tools are |
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ignored) |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --fscks "fsck.foo barfsck" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**--nofscks**:: |
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inhibit installation of any fsck tools |
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**--strip**:: |
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strip binaries in the initramfs (default) |
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**--nostrip**:: |
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do not strip binaries in the initramfs |
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**--hardlink**:: |
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hardlink files in the initramfs (default) |
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**--nohardlink**:: |
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do not hardlink files in the initramfs |
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**--prefix** _<dir>_:: |
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prefix initramfs files with the specified directory |
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**--noprefix**:: |
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do not prefix initramfs files (default) |
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**-h, --help**:: |
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display help text and exit. |
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**--debug**:: |
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output debug information of the build process |
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**-v, --verbose**:: |
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increase verbosity level (default is info(4)) |
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**--version**:: |
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display version and exit |
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**-q, --quiet**:: decrease verbosity level (default is info(4)) |
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**-c, --conf** _<dracut configuration file>_:: |
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specify configuration file to use. |
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+ |
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Default: |
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_/etc/dracut.conf_ |
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**--confdir** _<configuration directory>_:: |
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specify configuration directory to use. |
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Default: |
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_/etc/dracut.conf.d_ |
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**--tmpdir** _<temporary directory>_:: |
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specify temporary directory to use. |
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Default: |
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_/var/tmp_ |
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**-r, --sysroot** _<sysroot directory>_:: |
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specify the sysroot directory to collect files from. |
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This is useful to create the initramfs image from |
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a cross-compiled sysroot directory. For the extra helper |
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variables, see *ENVIRONMENT* below. |
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+ |
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Default: |
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_empty_ |
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**--sshkey** _<sshkey file>_:: ssh key file used with ssh-client module. |
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**--logfile** _<logfile>_:: logfile to use; overrides any setting from |
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the configuration files. |
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+ |
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Default: |
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_/var/log/dracut.log_ |
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**-l, --local**:: |
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activates the local mode. dracut will use modules from the current working |
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directory instead of the system-wide installed modules in |
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_/usr/lib/dracut/modules.d_. |
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This is useful when running dracut from a git checkout. |
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**-H, --hostonly**:: |
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Host-Only mode: Install only what is needed for booting the local host |
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instead of a generic host and generate host-specific configuration. |
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+ |
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[WARNING] |
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==== |
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If chrooted to another root other than the real root device, use "--fstab" and |
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provide a valid _/etc/fstab_. |
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==== |
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**-N, --no-hostonly**:: |
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Disable Host-Only mode |
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**--hostonly-cmdline**: |
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Store kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs |
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**--no-hostonly-cmdline**: |
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Do not store kernel command line arguments needed in the initramfs |
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**--no-hostonly-default-device**: |
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Do not generate implicit host devices like root, swap, fstab, etc. |
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Use "--mount" or "--add-device" to explicitly add devices as needed. |
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**--hostonly-i18n**: |
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Install only needed keyboard and font files according to the host configuration (default). |
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**--no-hostonly-i18n**: |
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Install all keyboard and font files available. |
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**--persistent-policy** _<policy>_:: |
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Use _<policy>_ to address disks and partitions. |
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_<policy>_ can be any directory name found in /dev/disk. |
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E.g. "by-uuid", "by-label" |
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**--fstab**:: |
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Use _/etc/fstab_ instead of _/proc/self/mountinfo_. |
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**--add-fstab** _<filename>_:: |
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Add entries of _<filename>_ to the initramfs /etc/fstab. |
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**--mount** "_<device>_ _<mountpoint>_ _<filesystem type>_ [_<filesystem options>_ [_<dump frequency>_ [_<fsck order>_]]]":: |
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Mount _<device>_ on _<mountpoint>_ with _<filesystem type>_ in the |
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initramfs. _<filesystem options>_, _<dump options>_ and _<fsck order>_ can |
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be specified, see fstab manpage for the details. |
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The default _<filesystem options>_ is "defaults". |
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The default _<dump frequency>_ is "0". |
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the default _<fsck order>_ is "2". |
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**--mount** "_<mountpoint>_":: |
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Like above, but _<device>_, _<filesystem type>_ and _<filesystem options>_ |
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are determined by looking at the current mounts. |
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**--add-device** _<device>_ :: |
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Bring up _<device>_ in initramfs, _<device>_ should be the device name. |
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This can be useful in hostonly mode for resume support when your swap is on |
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LVM or an encrypted partition. |
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[NB --device can be used for compatibility with earlier releases] |
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**-i, --include** _<SOURCE>_ _<TARGET>_:: |
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include the files in the SOURCE directory into the |
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TARGET directory in the final initramfs. If SOURCE is a file, it will be |
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installed to TARGET in the final initramfs. This parameter can be specified |
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multiple times. |
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**-I, --install** _<file list>_:: |
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install the space separated list of files into the initramfs. |
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+ |
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[NOTE] |
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=============================== |
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If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes. For |
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example: |
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---- |
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# dracut --install "/bin/foo /sbin/bar" ... |
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---- |
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=============================== |
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**--install-optional** _<file list>_:: |
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install the space separated list of files into the initramfs, if they exist. |
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**--gzip**:: |
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Compress the generated initramfs using gzip. This will be done by default, |
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unless another compression option or --no-compress is passed. Equivalent to |
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"--compress=gzip -9" |
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**--bzip2**:: |
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Compress the generated initramfs using bzip2. |
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+ |
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[WARNING] |
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==== |
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Make sure your kernel has bzip2 decompression support compiled in, otherwise you |
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will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "--compress=bzip2" |
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==== |
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**--lzma**:: |
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Compress the generated initramfs using lzma. |
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+ |
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[WARNING] |
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==== |
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Make sure your kernel has lzma decompression support compiled in, otherwise you |
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will not be able to boot. Equivalent to "lzma --compress=lzma -9" |
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==== |
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**--xz**:: |
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Compress the generated initramfs using xz. |
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+ |
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[WARNING] |
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==== |
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Make sure your kernel has xz decompression support compiled in, otherwise you |
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will not be able to boot. Equivalent to |
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"lzma --compress=xz --check=crc32 --lzma2=dict=1MiB" |
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==== |
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**--lzo**:: |
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Compress the generated initramfs using lzop. |
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[WARNING] |
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==== |
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Make sure your kernel has lzo decompression support compiled in, otherwise you |
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will not be able to boot. |
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==== |
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**--lz4**:: |
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Compress the generated initramfs using lz4. |
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[WARNING] |
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==== |
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Make sure your kernel has lz4 decompression support compiled in, otherwise you |
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will not be able to boot. |
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==== |
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**--zstd**:: |
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Compress the generated initramfs using Zstandard. |
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[WARNING] |
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==== |
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Make sure your kernel has zstd decompression support compiled in, otherwise you |
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will not be able to boot. |
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==== |
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**--compress** _<compressor>_:: |
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Compress the generated initramfs using the passed compression program. If |
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you pass it just the name of a compression program, it will call that |
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program with known-working arguments. If you pass a quoted string with |
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arguments, it will be called with exactly those arguments. Depending on what |
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you pass, this may result in an initramfs that the kernel cannot decompress. |
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The default value can also be set via the _INITRD_COMPRESS_ environment variable. |
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**--no-compress**:: |
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Do not compress the generated initramfs. This will override any other |
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compression options. |
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**--reproducible**:: |
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Create reproducible images. |
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**--no-reproducible**:: |
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Do not create reproducible images. |
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**--list-modules**:: |
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List all available dracut modules. |
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**-M, --show-modules**:: |
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Print included module's name to standard output during build. |
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**--keep**:: |
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Keep the initramfs temporary directory for debugging purposes. |
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**--printsize**:: |
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Print out the module install size |
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**--profile**: |
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Output profile information of the build process |
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**--ro-mnt**: |
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Mount / and /usr read-only by default. |
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**-L, --stdlog** _<level>_:: |
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[0-6] Specify logging level (to standard error) |
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---- |
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0 - suppress any messages |
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1 - only fatal errors |
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2 - all errors |
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3 - warnings |
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4 - info |
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5 - debug info (here starts lots of output) |
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6 - trace info (and even more) |
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---- |
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**--regenerate-all**:: |
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Regenerate all initramfs images at the default location with the kernel |
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|
versions found on the system. Additional parameters are passed through. |
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|
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**--loginstall _<DIR>_**:: |
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|
Log all files installed from the host to _<DIR>_. |
|
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|
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**--uefi**:: |
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Instead of creating an initramfs image, dracut will create an UEFI executable, |
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|
which can be executed by an UEFI BIOS. The default output filename is |
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|
_<EFI>/EFI/Linux/linux-$kernel$-<MACHINE_ID>-<BUILD_ID>.efi_. <EFI> might be |
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|
_/efi_, _/boot_ or _/boot/efi_ depending on where the ESP partition is mounted. |
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The <BUILD_ID> is taken from BUILD_ID in _/usr/lib/os-release_ or if it exists |
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_/etc/os-release_ and is left out, if BUILD_ID is non-existant or empty. |
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|
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**--no-uefi**:: |
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Disables UEFI mode. |
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|
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**--no-machineid**:: |
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affects the default output filename of **--uefi** and will discard the <MACHINE_ID> |
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|
part. |
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|
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|
**--uefi-stub _<FILE>_**:: |
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Specifies the UEFI stub loader, which will load the attached kernel, initramfs and |
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|
kernel command line and boots the kernel. The default is |
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|
_$prefix/lib/systemd/boot/efi/linux<EFI-MACHINE-TYPE-NAME>.efi.stub_ |
|
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|
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|
**--uefi-splash-image _<FILE>_**:: |
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Specifies the UEFI stub loader's splash image. Requires bitmap (**.bmp**) image |
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|
format. |
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|
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|
**--kernel-image _<FILE>_**:: |
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|
Specifies the kernel image, which to include in the UEFI executable. The default is |
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_/lib/modules/<KERNEL-VERSION>/vmlinuz_ or _/boot/vmlinuz-<KERNEL-VERSION>_ |
|
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|
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|
**--enhanced-cpio**:: |
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|
Attempt to use the dracut-cpio binary, which optimizes archive creation for |
|
|
copy-on-write filesystems by using the copy_file_range(2) syscall via Rust's |
|
|
io::copy(). When specified, initramfs archives are also padded to ensure |
|
|
optimal data alignment for extent sharing. To retain reflink data |
|
|
deduplication benefits, this should be used alongside the **--no-compress** |
|
|
and **--no-strip** parameters, with initramfs source files, **--tmpdir** |
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|
staging area and destination all on the same copy-on-write capable filesystem. |
|
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|
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|
ENVIRONMENT |
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|
----------- |
|
|
|
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|
_INITRD_COMPRESS_:: |
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|
sets the default compression program. See **--compress**. |
|
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|
|
|
_DRACUT_LDCONFIG_:: |
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|
sets the _ldconfig_ program path and options. Optional. |
|
|
Used for **--sysroot**. |
|
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+ |
|
|
Default: |
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|
_ldconfig_ |
|
|
|
|
|
_DRACUT_LDD_:: |
|
|
sets the _ldd_ program path and options. Optional. |
|
|
Used for **--sysroot**. |
|
|
+ |
|
|
Default: |
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|
_ldd_ |
|
|
|
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|
_DRACUT_TESTBIN_:: |
|
|
sets the initially tested binary for detecting library paths. |
|
|
Optional. Used for **--sysroot**. In the cross-compiled sysroot, |
|
|
the default value (_/bin/sh_) is unusable, as it is an absolute |
|
|
symlink and points outside the sysroot directory. |
|
|
+ |
|
|
Default: |
|
|
_/bin/sh_ |
|
|
|
|
|
_DRACUT_INSTALL_:: |
|
|
overrides path and options for executing _dracut-install_ internally. |
|
|
Optional. Can be used to debug _dracut-install_ while running the |
|
|
main dracut script. |
|
|
+ |
|
|
Default: |
|
|
_dracut-install_ |
|
|
+ |
|
|
Example: |
|
|
DRACUT_INSTALL="valgrind dracut-install" |
|
|
|
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_BZIP2_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_BZIP2_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_LBZIP2_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_LZMA_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_XZ_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_GZIP_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_PIGZ_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_LZOP_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_ZSTD_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_LZ4_:: |
|
|
_DRACUT_COMPRESS_CAT_:: |
|
|
overrides for compression utilities to support using them from |
|
|
non-standard paths. |
|
|
+ |
|
|
Default values are the default compression utility names to be found in **PATH**. |
|
|
|
|
|
_DRACUT_ARCH_:: |
|
|
overrides the value of **uname -m**. Used for **--sysroot**. |
|
|
+ |
|
|
Default: |
|
|
_empty_ (the value of **uname -m** on the host system) |
|
|
|
|
|
_SYSTEMD_VERSION_:: |
|
|
overrides systemd version. Used for **--sysroot**. |
|
|
|
|
|
_SYSTEMCTL_:: |
|
|
overrides the systemctl binary. Used for **--sysroot**. |
|
|
|
|
|
_NM_VERSION_:: |
|
|
overrides the NetworkManager version. Used for **--sysroot**. |
|
|
|
|
|
_DRACUT_INSTALL_PATH_:: |
|
|
overrides **PATH** environment for **dracut-install** to look for |
|
|
binaries relative to **--sysroot**. In a cross-compiled environment |
|
|
(e.g. Yocto), PATH points to natively built binaries that are not |
|
|
in the host's /bin, /usr/bin, etc. **dracut-install** still needs plain |
|
|
/bin and /usr/bin that are relative to the cross-compiled sysroot. |
|
|
+ |
|
|
Default: |
|
|
_PATH_ |
|
|
|
|
|
_DRACUT_INSTALL_LOG_TARGET_:: |
|
|
overrides **DRACUT_LOG_TARGET** for **dracut-install**. It allows |
|
|
running **dracut-install* to run with different log target that |
|
|
**dracut** runs with. |
|
|
+ |
|
|
Default: |
|
|
_DRACUT_LOG_TARGET_ |
|
|
|
|
|
_DRACUT_INSTALL_LOG_LEVEL_:: |
|
|
overrides **DRACUT_LOG_LEVEL** for **dracut-install**. It allows |
|
|
running **dracut-install* to run with different log level that |
|
|
**dracut** runs with. |
|
|
+ |
|
|
Default: |
|
|
_DRACUT_LOG_LEVEL_ |
|
|
|
|
|
FILES |
|
|
----- |
|
|
_/var/log/dracut.log_:: |
|
|
logfile of initramfs image creation |
|
|
|
|
|
_/tmp/dracut.log_:: |
|
|
logfile of initramfs image creation, if _/var/log/dracut.log_ is not |
|
|
writable |
|
|
|
|
|
_/etc/dracut.conf_:: |
|
|
see dracut.conf5 |
|
|
|
|
|
_/etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf_:: |
|
|
see dracut.conf5 |
|
|
|
|
|
_/usr/lib/dracut/dracut.conf.d/*.conf_:: |
|
|
see dracut.conf5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Configuration in the initramfs |
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
|
|
_/etc/conf.d/_:: |
|
|
Any files found in _/etc/conf.d/_ will be sourced in the initramfs to |
|
|
set initial values. Command line options will override these values |
|
|
set in the configuration files. |
|
|
|
|
|
_/etc/cmdline_:: |
|
|
Can contain additional command line options. Deprecated, better use |
|
|
/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf. |
|
|
|
|
|
_/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf_:: |
|
|
Can contain additional command line options. |
|
|
|
|
|
AVAILABILITY |
|
|
------------ |
|
|
The dracut command is part of the dracut package and is available from |
|
|
link:$$https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org$$[https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org] |
|
|
|
|
|
AUTHORS |
|
|
------- |
|
|
Harald Hoyer |
|
|
|
|
|
Victor Lowther |
|
|
|
|
|
Amadeusz Żołnowski |
|
|
|
|
|
Hannes Reinecke |
|
|
|
|
|
Daniel Molkentin |
|
|
|
|
|
Will Woods |
|
|
|
|
|
Philippe Seewer |
|
|
|
|
|
Warren Togami |
|
|
|
|
|
SEE ALSO |
|
|
-------- |
|
|
*dracut.cmdline*(7) *dracut.conf*(5) *lsinitrd*(1)
|
|
|
|
