dracut-lib.sh: quote variables in parameter expansion patterns

According to POSIX.1-2017, 2.6.2 Parameter Expansion:

${parameter%[word]} [...] The word shall be expanded to produce a
pattern.

This means if word contains variables that itself contain special
characters like asterisks or backslashes, these are treated as pattern
characters unless the variable is quoted. Try e.g. the following example
in bash, dash or (busybox) ash:

i='a\c'; j='\'; echo "${i%$j*}"

This prints "a\c" because "$j*" is expanded to "\*", escaping the
asterisk. In contrast,

i='a\c'; j='\'; echo "${i%"$j"*}"

produces the expected result "a" because the backslash is not specially
treated any more after quoting.

The quotes that this commit adds have been previously removed in commit
f9c96cf56f, citing issues with busybox
hush without further specifying the actual error. I tested a recent
busybox build (upstream commit 9aa751b08ab03d6396f86c3df77937a19687981b)
and couldn't find any problems. Note that the above example always
produces "a\c" in hush regardless of quoting $j, making hush unsuitable
for use with dracut, but using quotes in parameter expansions generally
works.

The unquoted variables break the "rd.luks.uuid/name" kernel command line
options in dracut 050 because

str_replace "$luksname" '\' '\\'

in modules.d/90crypt/parse-crypt.sh is not able to escape the
backslashes any more, see GH-723, GH-727: backslashes in the
systemd-cryptsetup@.service unit name stay unescaped for use in udev
(cf. commit 0f6d93eb9d), leading to
failures in starting the unit.

This partially reverts commit f9c96cf56f.

modules.d/99base/dracut-lib.sh

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ debug_on() {
 
 # returns OK if $1 contains literal string $2 (and isn't empty)
 strstr() {
-    [ "${1##*$2*}" != "$1" ]
+    [ "${1##*"$2"*}" != "$1" ]
 }
 
 # returns OK if $1 matches (completely) glob pattern $2
@@ -43,18 +43,18 @@ strglobin() {
 
 # returns OK if $1 contains literal string $2 at the beginning, and isn't empty
 str_starts() {
-    [ "${1#$2*}" != "$1" ]
+    [ "${1#"$2"*}" != "$1" ]
 }
 
 # returns OK if $1 contains literal string $2 at the end, and isn't empty
 str_ends() {
-    [ "${1%*$2}" != "$1" ]
+    [ "${1%*"$2"}" != "$1" ]
 }
 
 trim() {
     local var="$*"
-    var="${var#${var%%[![:space:]]*}}"   # remove leading whitespace characters
-    var="${var%${var##*[![:space:]]}}"   # remove trailing whitespace characters
+    var="${var#"${var%%[![:space:]]*}"}"   # remove leading whitespace characters
+    var="${var%"${var##*[![:space:]]}"}"   # remove trailing whitespace characters
     printf "%s" "$var"
 }
 
@@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ str_replace() {
     local out=''
 
     while strstr "${in}" "$s"; do
-        chop="${in%%$s*}"
+        chop="${in%%"$s"*}"
         out="${out}${chop}$r"
-        in="${in#*$s}"
+        in="${in#*"$s"}"
     done
     echo "${out}${in}"
 }
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ splitsep() {
     while [ -n "$str" -a "$#" -gt 1 ]; do
         tmp="${str%%$sep*}"
         eval "$1='${tmp}'"
-        str="${str#$tmp}"
+        str="${str#"$tmp"}"
         str="${str#$sep}"
         shift
     done